Qianlong (reign 1735-1796 CE, emeritus 1796-1799)
Except otherwise stated, all results include the premium.
See also : China Chinese porcelain Qing porcelain Glass and crystal Glass II Chinese art Jewels II Imperial seal Jadeite Bird Dragon Cartier
Chronology : 18th century 1730-1739 1740-1749 1750-1759 1790-1799 1933
See also : China Chinese porcelain Qing porcelain Glass and crystal Glass II Chinese art Jewels II Imperial seal Jadeite Bird Dragon Cartier
Chronology : 18th century 1730-1739 1740-1749 1750-1759 1790-1799 1933
1737 Falangcai on Glass
2019 SOLD for HK$ 207M by Sotheby's
In the transfer of the European technology of enamel painting, the Kangxi emperor creates a workshop in 1693 CE in the Forbidden City. The new technique will be used on several supports : copper, silver, porcelain. Three years later, Kangxi opens a glass workshop in the same place.
Enamel on glass is the most difficult technique. Each color demands a different baking to be lively, and a little overheating above the enamel melting point damages the glass. The term used is falangcai as for porcelain. The imperial archives do not mention any glass falangcai before 1705. The surviving pieces from the reigns of Kangxi and Yongzheng are incredibly rare.
When he succeeds his father, Qianlong is overflowing with enthusiasm for all forms of art. He expects from his workshops unprecedented technical achievements along with decorations of utmost finesse and originality.
On the 22nd day of the 1st month of the 3rd year of his reign, in 1737 CE, the archives record the presentation to the emperor by three eunuchs of a glass vase shaped like a pouch. This blue vase is immediately returned to the workshops for being copied. It did not survive.
Two glass falangcai with a bright yellow enamel background certainly correspond to this commission. Slightly different in shape and completely different in the decor, they were not scheduled as pendants. All other glass falangcai of this form were failed or broken.
These two pieces are of the largest dimension for this technique, 18 cm high. The pleated ovoid shape imitating the silk is knotted by a ribbon in high relief which very elegantly clasps the upper part of the purse. The imperial mark appears within a flower.
Both objects belonged in the nineteenth century to an imperial prince. They were sold separately by Sotheby's in 1988. One of them, with a dense set of twelve dragons, is now to the collection of the Hong Kong Museum of Art.
The other piece is the best achievement. Its colors are brighter. The picture with two phoenix twirling amidst flowers is very pleasant with flamboyant plumages. The rim is crenellated. Nicholas Chow, chairman of Sotheby's Asia, considers that it is the most important Qing artwork in private hands.
This glass pouch was sold by Sotheby's for HK $ 24M on October 29, 2000, and for HK $ 207M on October 8, 2019, lot 1. The press release of August 28 announces an expected price in excess of HK $ 200M. It is narrated by Nicholas Chow in the video shared by The Value.
Enamel on glass is the most difficult technique. Each color demands a different baking to be lively, and a little overheating above the enamel melting point damages the glass. The term used is falangcai as for porcelain. The imperial archives do not mention any glass falangcai before 1705. The surviving pieces from the reigns of Kangxi and Yongzheng are incredibly rare.
When he succeeds his father, Qianlong is overflowing with enthusiasm for all forms of art. He expects from his workshops unprecedented technical achievements along with decorations of utmost finesse and originality.
On the 22nd day of the 1st month of the 3rd year of his reign, in 1737 CE, the archives record the presentation to the emperor by three eunuchs of a glass vase shaped like a pouch. This blue vase is immediately returned to the workshops for being copied. It did not survive.
Two glass falangcai with a bright yellow enamel background certainly correspond to this commission. Slightly different in shape and completely different in the decor, they were not scheduled as pendants. All other glass falangcai of this form were failed or broken.
These two pieces are of the largest dimension for this technique, 18 cm high. The pleated ovoid shape imitating the silk is knotted by a ribbon in high relief which very elegantly clasps the upper part of the purse. The imperial mark appears within a flower.
Both objects belonged in the nineteenth century to an imperial prince. They were sold separately by Sotheby's in 1988. One of them, with a dense set of twelve dragons, is now to the collection of the Hong Kong Museum of Art.
The other piece is the best achievement. Its colors are brighter. The picture with two phoenix twirling amidst flowers is very pleasant with flamboyant plumages. The rim is crenellated. Nicholas Chow, chairman of Sotheby's Asia, considers that it is the most important Qing artwork in private hands.
This glass pouch was sold by Sotheby's for HK $ 24M on October 29, 2000, and for HK $ 207M on October 8, 2019, lot 1. The press release of August 28 announces an expected price in excess of HK $ 200M. It is narrated by Nicholas Chow in the video shared by The Value.
1743 Qianlong reticulated vase
2010 UNPAID at £ 43M plus a buyer's premium of £ 8.6M, at Bainbridges
In 1728 CE, Tang Ying is appointed by the Yongzheng emperor as the Superintendent of the Imperial porcelain produced at Jingdezhen. He spends several years observing the best practices of the potters. One of his first major successes is the development of the yangcai, offering a less expensive substitute to the Imperial City's falangcai that remains the high end.
These first years are experimental, with pieces of all shapes. Qianlong who succeeds Yongzheng in 1735 CE is just as demanding as his father. To please him, they must constantly bring novelties that match his ambitious role as Son of Heaven, accumulating the styles of all dynasties and integrating the new European trends.
In the early 1740s Tang Ying's expertise in Jingdezhen has no limits. The most complicated pieces are technological syntheses that require a long succession of firings at the risk of a low yield.
In a memorandum submitted to Qianlong in 1743 CE, Tang Ying apologizes for the small amount of units produced in the new style of double vase, only nine. The inner part is enclosed in the outer vase with a distance of about 3 to 4 cm between their walls. The outer vase is pierced by large holes of various elegant shapes that allow the peeping to the inner part. The exterior is decorated with the same profusion as more classical imperial pieces.
Qianlong does not request the impossible. He authorizes to complete in pairs those models that had been produced in single pieces before suspending this technique sine die.
A reticulated vase with pairs of fishes surfaced in Middlesex in 2010. 40 cm high, it mixes archaic, Song, Buddhist and rocaille inspirations, juxtaposing the classic celadon and the modern yangcai in a yellow ground with sgraffiato. The inner wall is a blue and white in Ming style. After 30 minutes of bidding, Bainbridges's hammer fell at £ 43M, £ 51.6M including the premium, but the payment failed and the sale was cancelled. Here is the link to the 2012 report by The Telegraph before the sale was cancelled.
In 2010 nobody had considered the catalog of the exhibition in New York in 1905 of a Japanese collection where its pairing piece had been photographed and described. This vase has resurfaced. It was sold for HK $ 150M by Sotheby's on October 3, 2018, lot 3001. It differs from the Middlesex specimen by a rarer variant of the reign mark and so may be the master item produced for that pair.
These first years are experimental, with pieces of all shapes. Qianlong who succeeds Yongzheng in 1735 CE is just as demanding as his father. To please him, they must constantly bring novelties that match his ambitious role as Son of Heaven, accumulating the styles of all dynasties and integrating the new European trends.
In the early 1740s Tang Ying's expertise in Jingdezhen has no limits. The most complicated pieces are technological syntheses that require a long succession of firings at the risk of a low yield.
In a memorandum submitted to Qianlong in 1743 CE, Tang Ying apologizes for the small amount of units produced in the new style of double vase, only nine. The inner part is enclosed in the outer vase with a distance of about 3 to 4 cm between their walls. The outer vase is pierced by large holes of various elegant shapes that allow the peeping to the inner part. The exterior is decorated with the same profusion as more classical imperial pieces.
Qianlong does not request the impossible. He authorizes to complete in pairs those models that had been produced in single pieces before suspending this technique sine die.
A reticulated vase with pairs of fishes surfaced in Middlesex in 2010. 40 cm high, it mixes archaic, Song, Buddhist and rocaille inspirations, juxtaposing the classic celadon and the modern yangcai in a yellow ground with sgraffiato. The inner wall is a blue and white in Ming style. After 30 minutes of bidding, Bainbridges's hammer fell at £ 43M, £ 51.6M including the premium, but the payment failed and the sale was cancelled. Here is the link to the 2012 report by The Telegraph before the sale was cancelled.
In 2010 nobody had considered the catalog of the exhibition in New York in 1905 of a Japanese collection where its pairing piece had been photographed and described. This vase has resurfaced. It was sold for HK $ 150M by Sotheby's on October 3, 2018, lot 3001. It differs from the Middlesex specimen by a rarer variant of the reign mark and so may be the master item produced for that pair.
1743 Heaven and Earth Vase
2022 SOLD for HK$ 177M by Sotheby's
A 31 cm overall reticulated vase made in Jingdezhen with the imperial Qianlong mark was sold for HK $ 177M from a lowrt estimate of HK $ 60M by Sotheby's on October 9, 2022, lot 3801. Such an interlocking and revolving design was recorded as jiaotai in 1743 CE in the imperial archives one month after the Longquan style.
The outer vase is a classical pear shaped decorated in yangcai with ruyi lines and lotus flowers. Its background is red ruby. It is incised in sgraffiato. Its pairing vase, also known in Sotheby's archives, has a rib below the neck. A smaller pair made in the next year has a bright yellow ground. Another pair was made in 1746.
The actual body inside that envelope is a revolving inner tube, terminated by the trumpet shaped finial in pale ground with two handles. It is painted in its lower part with underglaze-blue lotus scrolls in early Ming style.
The two sets of four small windows over and under a continuous line of ruyi heads are made of patterns of three straight rows, either in full length or divided to symbolize the eight trigrams of heaven and earth. The Chinese word of this figure is qian which is the first part of Qianlong reign title.
Obviously the tubular shape of the inner vase would not allow a comfortable view from the central distance of the outer wall. It is a major difference from the all around view in the non revolving Longquan type.
Please watch the video shared by the auction house.
The outer vase is a classical pear shaped decorated in yangcai with ruyi lines and lotus flowers. Its background is red ruby. It is incised in sgraffiato. Its pairing vase, also known in Sotheby's archives, has a rib below the neck. A smaller pair made in the next year has a bright yellow ground. Another pair was made in 1746.
The actual body inside that envelope is a revolving inner tube, terminated by the trumpet shaped finial in pale ground with two handles. It is painted in its lower part with underglaze-blue lotus scrolls in early Ming style.
The two sets of four small windows over and under a continuous line of ruyi heads are made of patterns of three straight rows, either in full length or divided to symbolize the eight trigrams of heaven and earth. The Chinese word of this figure is qian which is the first part of Qianlong reign title.
Obviously the tubular shape of the inner vase would not allow a comfortable view from the central distance of the outer wall. It is a major difference from the all around view in the non revolving Longquan type.
Please watch the video shared by the auction house.
1747 Qianlong Military Parade
2011 SOLD for € 22M by Marc Labarbe
Qianlong was only 24 when he became emperor of China. For establishing his authority, he has prepared a huge military parade in the best tradition of the Qing Dynasty. It will be held early in the fourth year of his reign.
The objective is achieved: the power of the young emperor is not disputed. To the delight of current enthusiasts and historians, Qianlong was to become the most important art collector and patron of all time.
At the tenth year of his reign, Qianlong wants to fix the memory of this great revue. He orders the artist Jin Kun to realize four huge scrolls on silk with the help of the official court painters. Fifteen months later, 1747 CE, the four works are ready to be assembled in their presentation boxes.
These paintings show the festivities in a chronological order. The second, 68 x 1757 cm, is kept at the Palace Museum in Beijing. The third, 68 cm x 1550, was sold HK $ 68M by Sotheby's on October 8, 2008. The catalog of that sale indicated that the other two were lost.
The French market for ancient Chinese art had been boosted after the scandal of the bronzes of the Saint-Laurent - Bergé collection. The fourth scroll resurfaced.
With the same height as the others, it is the longest: the incredible multitude of troops occupies 18 m of image. A primer including testimonials and seals increases this length to 24 m, on a diameter of 12 cm when rolled.
This piece was sold for € 22M by Marc Labarbe on March 26, 2011.
The objective is achieved: the power of the young emperor is not disputed. To the delight of current enthusiasts and historians, Qianlong was to become the most important art collector and patron of all time.
At the tenth year of his reign, Qianlong wants to fix the memory of this great revue. He orders the artist Jin Kun to realize four huge scrolls on silk with the help of the official court painters. Fifteen months later, 1747 CE, the four works are ready to be assembled in their presentation boxes.
These paintings show the festivities in a chronological order. The second, 68 x 1757 cm, is kept at the Palace Museum in Beijing. The third, 68 cm x 1550, was sold HK $ 68M by Sotheby's on October 8, 2008. The catalog of that sale indicated that the other two were lost.
The French market for ancient Chinese art had been boosted after the scandal of the bronzes of the Saint-Laurent - Bergé collection. The fourth scroll resurfaced.
With the same height as the others, it is the longest: the incredible multitude of troops occupies 18 m of image. A primer including testimonials and seals increases this length to 24 m, on a diameter of 12 cm when rolled.
This piece was sold for € 22M by Marc Labarbe on March 26, 2011.
1752 100 Birds Vase
2021 SOLD for RMB 266M by Poly
The manufacturing process of the reticulated revolving vase was arguably the most difficult ever, with the elements being assembled after separate firing. The Qianlong emperor wisely stopped it after pairing the last additional pieces to the production from the first batches.
The technology of the double vase nevertheless remained appealing for offering the most favorable auspices. Such pieces may be identified as turning heart bottles.
One of them, 63 cm high, is among the most massive in that category. The outer belly features a flying phoenix in a scenery. The open work matches the details of the landscape in irregular shapes, which is an additional feat with a higher risk of deformation during the firing. The rotation of the inner cylinder reveals the flock of ten species of auspicious birds in their flight facing the phoenix as a symbol of the harmonious balance of yin and yang.
The Divine Mother Empress Dowager Chongqing was held in very high regard by her son the Qianlong emperor and her 60th birthday in 1752 CE was one of the most lavish events of his reign.
The Imperial archives record that, on the fifth month of Qianlong's 18th year, the emperor commissioned Jingdezhen to fire a turning heart bottle with fighting dragons which was delivered by Tang Ying in the 11th month of the next year after 18 months of labor.
The yangcai vase with the phoenix was not documented. It was certainly prepared in the same period for a filial presenting to the empress dowager who was known to enjoy the story of the '100 birds'. It was sold for £ 330K by Christie's on June 15, 1999, lot 99, and for RMB 266M by Poly on June 7, 2021, lot 5153.
The technology of the double vase nevertheless remained appealing for offering the most favorable auspices. Such pieces may be identified as turning heart bottles.
One of them, 63 cm high, is among the most massive in that category. The outer belly features a flying phoenix in a scenery. The open work matches the details of the landscape in irregular shapes, which is an additional feat with a higher risk of deformation during the firing. The rotation of the inner cylinder reveals the flock of ten species of auspicious birds in their flight facing the phoenix as a symbol of the harmonious balance of yin and yang.
The Divine Mother Empress Dowager Chongqing was held in very high regard by her son the Qianlong emperor and her 60th birthday in 1752 CE was one of the most lavish events of his reign.
The Imperial archives record that, on the fifth month of Qianlong's 18th year, the emperor commissioned Jingdezhen to fire a turning heart bottle with fighting dragons which was delivered by Tang Ying in the 11th month of the next year after 18 months of labor.
The yangcai vase with the phoenix was not documented. It was certainly prepared in the same period for a filial presenting to the empress dowager who was known to enjoy the story of the '100 birds'. It was sold for £ 330K by Christie's on June 15, 1999, lot 99, and for RMB 266M by Poly on June 7, 2021, lot 5153.
Undated Qianlong Double Gourd Vase
2010 SOLD for HK$ 253M by Sotheby's
A vase was sold for HK $ 253M by Sotheby's on October 7, 2010 from a lower estimate of HK $ 30M, lot 2126.
This 40 cm high double gourd vase without handles bears the Qianlong imperial mark. By its design and execution, it is a magnificent example of the yangcai in the techniques and styles of Jingdezhen with its pale yellow background, a long cylindrical slender neck above the upper bulb and sgraffiato incisions.
This piece is enamel painted with flowers including lotus, peonies and hibiscus and with foliate scrolls. The large lower bulb is centered at both sides with a pink double lotus bloom in the style of Giuseppe Castiglione. Symbols of longevity are displayed in two gold medallions. The interior is glazed in bright turquoise.
Designed in Beijing around 1741 CE, the sgraffiato becomes in Jingdezhen a dense pattern of scrollwork deeply applied on the monochrome background for reminding a rich brocade.
This 40 cm high double gourd vase without handles bears the Qianlong imperial mark. By its design and execution, it is a magnificent example of the yangcai in the techniques and styles of Jingdezhen with its pale yellow background, a long cylindrical slender neck above the upper bulb and sgraffiato incisions.
This piece is enamel painted with flowers including lotus, peonies and hibiscus and with foliate scrolls. The large lower bulb is centered at both sides with a pink double lotus bloom in the style of Giuseppe Castiglione. Symbols of longevity are displayed in two gold medallions. The interior is glazed in bright turquoise.
Designed in Beijing around 1741 CE, the sgraffiato becomes in Jingdezhen a dense pattern of scrollwork deeply applied on the monochrome background for reminding a rich brocade.
Undated Qianlong Pheasant Vase
2011 SOLD for HK$ 200M by Sotheby's
When the Chinese emperor was powerful, he allowed foreign influences to mingle with the Imperial tradition. In the case of Qianlong, watchmaking, for example, has been a real transfer of technology from England and Chinese imports greatly contributed to the success of Swiss production.
The vases, snuff bottles and brushpots made during his reign reach a high degree of perfection. Shapes are Eastern but the subjects and compositions, sometimes, are European.
The enamels with European themes are named Falangcai ("foreign color"). A beautiful porcelain vase of this type passed at auction at Sotheby's from a lower estimate of HK $ 180M on April 7, 2011, lot 15. A press release from rhe aucrion house told that this vase has been sold for HK $ 200M privately after the sale.
It is 20 cm high and bears the Imperial mark. On a white background, its exquisite painting shows a couple of pheasants on a nest. The balance of the curves between the bottle and its neck is perfect.
The vases, snuff bottles and brushpots made during his reign reach a high degree of perfection. Shapes are Eastern but the subjects and compositions, sometimes, are European.
The enamels with European themes are named Falangcai ("foreign color"). A beautiful porcelain vase of this type passed at auction at Sotheby's from a lower estimate of HK $ 180M on April 7, 2011, lot 15. A press release from rhe aucrion house told that this vase has been sold for HK $ 200M privately after the sale.
It is 20 cm high and bears the Imperial mark. On a white background, its exquisite painting shows a couple of pheasants on a nest. The balance of the curves between the bottle and its neck is perfect.
Undated Qianlong Poppy Bowl
2018 SOLD for HK$ 170M by Sotheby's
The falangcai porcelain from the Qianlong period is extremely rare and very difficult to date. This technique originally developed for the Kangxi emperor in the small Jesuit workshop had survived the Yongzheng reign thanks to Castiglione's perseverance and talent. The white porcelain prepared in Jingdezhen was decorated with the most exquisite colored enamels in that workshop of the imperial palace before the final firing.
Painter on silk, Castiglione had managed to please these three demanding emperors by adding to the traditional Chinese graphic style some elements of great naturalistic details. The Qianlong vase with pheasants in the nest from the Meiyintang collection is a very good example. It was sold for HK $ 200M in post sale by Sotheby's on April 7, 2011.
On October 3, 2018, Sotheby's sold as lot 1 for HK $ 170M a Qianlong falangcai bowl 11.8 cm in diameter decorated with poppies. The August 30 press release tells that it is expected above HK $ 200M. Please watch the video shared by the auction house.
Directly inspired by the art of Castiglione, this bowl shows on its outer wall poppy blossoms of various colors on long stems bent in all directions by the wind. Like the nest of pheasants, this scene is anchored on a rocky ground. The curved shape and the turned-over rim provide a three-dimensional effect to this drawing that rises to the top of the piece. The interior of the bowl is decorated with fruits of abondance and the imperial mark is in blue enamel.
Qianlong loved literary quotes. The high collar of the pheasant vase is decorated with a poem. Likewise a fourteen-character poem adorns the back side of the poppy bowl at the top of an otherwise blank area.
This poem from the Ming period is directly related to the theme of the bowl. One of the names of the poppy in Chinese is Yu meiren, the Beautiful Yu, in memory of the concubine of an emperor usurper against the Han. When defeat became inevitable, Lady Yu executed for her emperor a languid song while dancing around a sword on which she then pierced herself.
Painter on silk, Castiglione had managed to please these three demanding emperors by adding to the traditional Chinese graphic style some elements of great naturalistic details. The Qianlong vase with pheasants in the nest from the Meiyintang collection is a very good example. It was sold for HK $ 200M in post sale by Sotheby's on April 7, 2011.
On October 3, 2018, Sotheby's sold as lot 1 for HK $ 170M a Qianlong falangcai bowl 11.8 cm in diameter decorated with poppies. The August 30 press release tells that it is expected above HK $ 200M. Please watch the video shared by the auction house.
Directly inspired by the art of Castiglione, this bowl shows on its outer wall poppy blossoms of various colors on long stems bent in all directions by the wind. Like the nest of pheasants, this scene is anchored on a rocky ground. The curved shape and the turned-over rim provide a three-dimensional effect to this drawing that rises to the top of the piece. The interior of the bowl is decorated with fruits of abondance and the imperial mark is in blue enamel.
Qianlong loved literary quotes. The high collar of the pheasant vase is decorated with a poem. Likewise a fourteen-character poem adorns the back side of the poppy bowl at the top of an otherwise blank area.
This poem from the Ming period is directly related to the theme of the bowl. One of the names of the poppy in Chinese is Yu meiren, the Beautiful Yu, in memory of the concubine of an emperor usurper against the Han. When defeat became inevitable, Lady Yu executed for her emperor a languid song while dancing around a sword on which she then pierced herself.
Qian Long Yu Bi Zhi Bao
2016 SOLD for € 21M by Pierre Bergé et Associés
A great personal lover of all forms of literature and art, the Qianlong emperor affixed a seal to the work he had just consulted. For the pieces that did not deserve the creation of a specific poem, the choice of the seal recorded the degree of satisfaction of the emperor.
One of the most prestigious was the Qian Long Yu Lan Zhi Bao, meaning The Treasure Carefully Examined by the Qianlong Emperor. For example, the scroll of the Banquet of the Victory, sold for € 6.1M by Christie's on November 22, 2005, had been awarded this mark.
Even higher in that hierarchy, there was the Qian Long Yu Bi Zhi Bao, the Treasure from the Imperial Brush of Qianlong, reserved for paintings and calligraphy made by the emperor himself. This mark was equivalent to a signature.
On December 14, 2016, the Pierre Bergé et Associés auction house sold for € 21M a Qian Long Yu Bi Zhi Bao seal. Please watch the video shared by Hôtel Drouot.
This large seal 10.5 x 10.5 cm with an overall height of 9 cm was made of beige and red steatite from Shou Shan. Its decoration is a work of art loaded with symbols.
The upper part, 5 cm high, shows a knot of no less than nine closely entwined dragons pursuing the sacred pearl which is clearly visible and accessible right in the middle of the group. This figure symbolizes the imperial authority at its highest level. It surmounts a 4 cm carved base made up of a frieze of stylized dragons in the archaic style.
One of the most prestigious was the Qian Long Yu Lan Zhi Bao, meaning The Treasure Carefully Examined by the Qianlong Emperor. For example, the scroll of the Banquet of the Victory, sold for € 6.1M by Christie's on November 22, 2005, had been awarded this mark.
Even higher in that hierarchy, there was the Qian Long Yu Bi Zhi Bao, the Treasure from the Imperial Brush of Qianlong, reserved for paintings and calligraphy made by the emperor himself. This mark was equivalent to a signature.
On December 14, 2016, the Pierre Bergé et Associés auction house sold for € 21M a Qian Long Yu Bi Zhi Bao seal. Please watch the video shared by Hôtel Drouot.
This large seal 10.5 x 10.5 cm with an overall height of 9 cm was made of beige and red steatite from Shou Shan. Its decoration is a work of art loaded with symbols.
The upper part, 5 cm high, shows a knot of no less than nine closely entwined dragons pursuing the sacred pearl which is clearly visible and accessible right in the middle of the group. This figure symbolizes the imperial authority at its highest level. It surmounts a 4 cm carved base made up of a frieze of stylized dragons in the archaic style.
1796 Tai Shang Huang Di
2011 SOLD for RMB 160M by Poly
The Qianlong emperor lived for 87 years, spanning most of the eighteenth century CE. He protected arts and culture with a refinement that made him in the following of his father Yongzheng the most effective art patron of all time.
He thought of his retirement which he had promised to take if his reign was to exceed 60 years. His grandfather Kangxi had reigned 61 years and this period should not be exceeded for a reason of respect. The emperor must be a model of virtue and can not change a wish or express a remorse.
The Qianlong era thus ends by the emperor's will on the 3rd day of the 9th month in the 60th year of his reign, February 8, 1796 CE. In a ceremony that brings together all his relatives, the old man awards to himself the rare and glorious title of Tai Shang Huang Di (Emperor Emeritus). He designates to succeed him his 15th son who opens the Bingchen year and the Jiaqing era.
He thus becomes the equal of the very first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, and his virtue will remain greater than that of the reigning emperor because the sky does not have two suns. Examples of an abdication like Qianlong's without a palace revolution are of course exceptional in Chinese history.
Qianlong retires from political life but retains an intense literary and artistic activity. Three weeks after his abdication, he issues an edict commissioning a first seal with his new designation. The prototype, 22.5 cm square, is in the collection of the Palace Museum. For this new variety, he composes a poem to be engraved on the sides of the seal.
About twenty Tai Shang Huang Di seals are made. Almost all of them are square or rectangular, symbols of the earth. A seal surmounted by two dragons, in green jade 13 cm square, was sold for HK $ 91M by Sotheby's on October 5, 2016, lot 3304..
The only shape exception is a cylinder 4.6 cm in diameter and 5 cm high, dated Bingchen. It is in translucent white jade with russet at the top of the piece engraved at this place with a pictogram between two qilings. Qianlong named such a perfect stone a Han white jade.
The poem is carved in archaic calligraphy and it can be assumed that this jade was reused from a Han seal. Such historical reminiscence is unique among Tai Shang Huang Di seals. The circle is the symbol of the sky.
It has been sold twice by Sotheby's, for HK $ 46M on October 9, 2007, lot 1301, and for HK $ 96M on April 8, 2010, lot 1815 here linked on the Invaluable bidding platform. It was later sold for RMB 160M by Poly, on December 6, 2011, lot 4982.
He thought of his retirement which he had promised to take if his reign was to exceed 60 years. His grandfather Kangxi had reigned 61 years and this period should not be exceeded for a reason of respect. The emperor must be a model of virtue and can not change a wish or express a remorse.
The Qianlong era thus ends by the emperor's will on the 3rd day of the 9th month in the 60th year of his reign, February 8, 1796 CE. In a ceremony that brings together all his relatives, the old man awards to himself the rare and glorious title of Tai Shang Huang Di (Emperor Emeritus). He designates to succeed him his 15th son who opens the Bingchen year and the Jiaqing era.
He thus becomes the equal of the very first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, and his virtue will remain greater than that of the reigning emperor because the sky does not have two suns. Examples of an abdication like Qianlong's without a palace revolution are of course exceptional in Chinese history.
Qianlong retires from political life but retains an intense literary and artistic activity. Three weeks after his abdication, he issues an edict commissioning a first seal with his new designation. The prototype, 22.5 cm square, is in the collection of the Palace Museum. For this new variety, he composes a poem to be engraved on the sides of the seal.
About twenty Tai Shang Huang Di seals are made. Almost all of them are square or rectangular, symbols of the earth. A seal surmounted by two dragons, in green jade 13 cm square, was sold for HK $ 91M by Sotheby's on October 5, 2016, lot 3304..
The only shape exception is a cylinder 4.6 cm in diameter and 5 cm high, dated Bingchen. It is in translucent white jade with russet at the top of the piece engraved at this place with a pictogram between two qilings. Qianlong named such a perfect stone a Han white jade.
The poem is carved in archaic calligraphy and it can be assumed that this jade was reused from a Han seal. Such historical reminiscence is unique among Tai Shang Huang Di seals. The circle is the symbol of the sky.
It has been sold twice by Sotheby's, for HK $ 46M on October 9, 2007, lot 1301, and for HK $ 96M on April 8, 2010, lot 1815 here linked on the Invaluable bidding platform. It was later sold for RMB 160M by Poly, on December 6, 2011, lot 4982.
Jadeite Necklace
2014 SOLD for HK$ 214M by Sotheby's
The ancient Chinese knew to work with nephrite, using sandblasting techniques to create complex shapes. Jadeite was a sensational discovery traditionally attributed to the Tang dynasty. Both materials have a similar hardness and are associated under the generic term of jade, yu in Chinese.
The rarity and beauty of the jadeite made it a prerogative of the emperors. Its shaping requires a detailed observation of the rough stone and a long patience. Its emerald green color and its transparency can be marred by cracks that will expand during grinding or carving, or by chemical impurities that will cancel the visual homogeneity of the piece.
The use of jadeite in high jewelry finds its culmination during the reign of Qianlong. The lacking of new deposits of sufficient quality made its process regressing despite an undeniable easier practice offered by modern machine tools.
Jadeite exists in various colors. Green is a common color of jadeite when it contains chromium. The finest hues are Imperial green, intense green and vivid green. They come almost exclusively from Burma, currently Myanmar. As with pink diamonds, very subtle differences significantly change the price and a direct inspection remains highly recommended.
These green variants were the most precious jewels at the Qing imperial court, in the form of beads, cabochons and bangles, without superfluous embellishment. The history of the extraction of a rough is lost. Keeping the homogeneity in a set of beads generated much waste, so that the necklaces of round beads are the most appreciated.
This mineral rock can be carved, which is not the case of the diamond which is cut. Shaping a jade bead requires an exceptional know-how and skill which culminated during the reign of Qianlong. In the 19th century the Empress Dowager Cixi was fond of them. The jadeite is polished without facets, to better display its almost aqueous luminosity.
Despite the troubles in the China of the later Qing, the most important collections of jade beads were not mixed or separated. They have often been assembled, or re-assembled, into necklaces in the 20th century, with gently graduated bead sizes and with clasps in diamond or ruby. A perfect necklace must be uniform in color shade, in translucency and in texture, which requires that the elements have been carved from the same rough.
The prestige of jade reached the Western world. A lot of 27 highly reflective emerald green jadeite beads, between 15.4 and 19.2 mm in diameter, is included in 1933 in the inventory of Cartier.
It is mounted in the same year by Cartier as a necklace with a clasp in ruby and diamond, to be offered as a wedding gift to the wealthy Barbara Hutton by her father. As Christina Onassis later, Barbara Hutton had a difficult life. The husband's family kept the precious necklace.
Considered as the greatest jadeite necklace in existence, this jewel wins the highest auction price in its category each time it comes to auction : HK $ 15.6M in 1988 and HK $ 33M in 1994. It was sold for HK $ 214M from a lower estimate of HK $ 100M by Sotheby's on April 7, 2014, lot 1847.
The rarity and beauty of the jadeite made it a prerogative of the emperors. Its shaping requires a detailed observation of the rough stone and a long patience. Its emerald green color and its transparency can be marred by cracks that will expand during grinding or carving, or by chemical impurities that will cancel the visual homogeneity of the piece.
The use of jadeite in high jewelry finds its culmination during the reign of Qianlong. The lacking of new deposits of sufficient quality made its process regressing despite an undeniable easier practice offered by modern machine tools.
Jadeite exists in various colors. Green is a common color of jadeite when it contains chromium. The finest hues are Imperial green, intense green and vivid green. They come almost exclusively from Burma, currently Myanmar. As with pink diamonds, very subtle differences significantly change the price and a direct inspection remains highly recommended.
These green variants were the most precious jewels at the Qing imperial court, in the form of beads, cabochons and bangles, without superfluous embellishment. The history of the extraction of a rough is lost. Keeping the homogeneity in a set of beads generated much waste, so that the necklaces of round beads are the most appreciated.
This mineral rock can be carved, which is not the case of the diamond which is cut. Shaping a jade bead requires an exceptional know-how and skill which culminated during the reign of Qianlong. In the 19th century the Empress Dowager Cixi was fond of them. The jadeite is polished without facets, to better display its almost aqueous luminosity.
Despite the troubles in the China of the later Qing, the most important collections of jade beads were not mixed or separated. They have often been assembled, or re-assembled, into necklaces in the 20th century, with gently graduated bead sizes and with clasps in diamond or ruby. A perfect necklace must be uniform in color shade, in translucency and in texture, which requires that the elements have been carved from the same rough.
The prestige of jade reached the Western world. A lot of 27 highly reflective emerald green jadeite beads, between 15.4 and 19.2 mm in diameter, is included in 1933 in the inventory of Cartier.
It is mounted in the same year by Cartier as a necklace with a clasp in ruby and diamond, to be offered as a wedding gift to the wealthy Barbara Hutton by her father. As Christina Onassis later, Barbara Hutton had a difficult life. The husband's family kept the precious necklace.
Considered as the greatest jadeite necklace in existence, this jewel wins the highest auction price in its category each time it comes to auction : HK $ 15.6M in 1988 and HK $ 33M in 1994. It was sold for HK $ 214M from a lower estimate of HK $ 100M by Sotheby's on April 7, 2014, lot 1847.
