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Mountains in China

Except otherwise stated, all results include the premium.
​See also : Landscape  China  Chinese art  Yuan  Modern China  Zhang Daqian  Zhang Daqian < 1965  Li Keran  Cui Ruzhuo
Chronology : 14th century  20th century  1920-1929  1925  1940-1949  1948  1955  1963  1964     2010-2019  2013  2017

masterpiece
Five Dynasties 907-960 CE Evening Colors over Autumn Mountains by Guan Tong
Taipei Palace Museum

The four seminal painters from the Southern Tang dynasties and from the so-called Five dynasties period were Jing Hao and Guan Tong of the Northern style, and Dong Yuan and Juran of the Southern style.

The image is shared by Wikimedia.
GuanTong-Autumn Mountain Shadow

masterpiece
Along the Riverbank by Dong Yuan (died ca 962)
Metropolitan Museum

Active in Nanjing during the Southern Tang dynasty, Dong Yuan developed the Jiangnan style of landscape painting with a highly elegant and effective brush stroke with a great sense of composition including perspective, executed in light ink and color. Along the Riverbank is kept by the Metropolitan Museum. Juran was his pupil.

The image is shared by Wikimedia.
Along the Riverbank by Dong Yuan before 962 AD

masterpiece
1347-1350 Fuchun by Huang Gongwang
small fragment in Zhejiang Museum, Hangzhou and large fragment in Taipei Museum

Huang Gongwang, a scholar-official of the Southern school, had made a breakthrough in the art of landscape imaging. Disillusioned by the political turpitudes, he spent his old age in the Fuchun mountains near Hangzhou. He was acknowledged by Dong Qichang as the best master of the Yuan dynasty.

He constructed his landscape by very dry brush strokes and very light ink wash. His masterpiece is a long handscroll resulting from a three year work, 1347 to 1350 CE. Starting from observation, the artist builds an ideal Taoist landscape of mountains and rivers in which he adds many tiny details. The whole is integrating the flow of the four seasons. This realistic style departs from the yin and yang inspiration of landscape shaping. That scroll was acquired by Dong Qichang in 1596 CE.

​The image of the small fragment is shared by Wikimedia.
Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains (first half)

WANG MENG
​Intro

The Chinese culture comes from a very strong literary tradition mixed with mysticism. In the 11th century CE, Mi Fu opened the way to the themes of the literate landscape, and for several centuries the graphic arts were often devoted to these ancient stories.

A maternal grandson of Zhao Mengfu, 
Wang Meng is one of the four great literati masters of the Yuan dynasty. He incorporated the techniques of Tang and Song dynasties. He survived the Yuan but was accused to support a rebellion against the Ming emperor and died in jail.

In the theme of the immensity of nature contemplated by the sage, Wang practiced two opposite styles in a single artwork. The human dwellings and occupationals are rendered in a sharp drawing of very thin brushstroke. The lush surrounding of trees and mountains provides the feeling of infinity in a very dense texture. The bare rocks escape the realism for providing an unbalanced emotion.

Qiu is a sacred mountain with a Buddhist temple. In his quest for expressing another reality and atmosphere, 
Wang Meng realized a mountain view in his signature style of varying the texture as necessary. He mingles curly brush lines and dense dots.

This hanging scroll in color on paper 135 x 35 cm does not add a narration to the view of towering mountains over a pleasant valley. It was sold for RMB 137M by Poly on June 3, 2010, lot 2881. This piece bears the seals of Wang Meng and of Wang Shuming that identified him in his early career. The Qiu location is identified by the artist.

1
​1350 Ge Zhichuan Relocating
2011 SOLD for RMB 400M by Poly

On June 4, 2011, Poly sold for RMB 400M a hanging scroll painted in ink and wash circa 1350 CE by Wang Meng on the theme of the migration of Ge Hong to the sacred mountains. The provenance of this artwork has been established over six centuries. The image is shared by Wikimedia.

Ge Hong, also named Ge Zhichuan, lived 1,000 years before Wang in the Eastern Jin dynasty. Nicknamed the Little Immortal Old Man, he was an alchemist, a doctor and above all a Taoist master. He was going to study the secrets of immortality in the Luofu mountains. He stayed there for eight years. The image by Wang shows Ge and his suite passing through a valley under a very rocky landscape. Seven poems have been added.
ZhichuanResettlement
Chinese art
Yuan
14th century

2
for reference
1360 Ge Zhichuan Relocating
Palace Museum, Beijing

The Palace Museum in Beijing has a 139 x 58 cm scroll by the same artist on the same theme, dated around 1360, with another landscape in an oblique perspective.

​The image is shared by Wikimedia.
Ge Zhichuan Relocating by Wang Meng

3
​Di Yan Tu
​2023 SOLD for RMB 290M by China Guardian

In the theme of the smallness of man within the lush forest in front of majestic bare mountains, the Di Yan Tu hanging scroll by Wang Meng had been highly praised by the Qianlong emperor. It was recorded in the Qing catalogue Shiqu Baoji and is a rare example with the seven imperial appreciation seals, beside eight usual Qianlong seals. It has a five character poem inscribed by that emperor in running script and an inscription from the 11th year of Qianlong, 1746 CE.

The narrative input in thin lines is centered by a thatched cottage facing a stream, shaded by miscellaneous trees, while a small bridge is leading to the other side. Behind it, layers of steep mountains constitute an ideal world for the literati. A very young boy is operating an inkstone beside the stream. Inside the house with the pavilion open, a lonely seated man with a pointed beard is listening to the wonderful sound of the flowing water and watching the beautiful scenery including the clouds and the splashing of the waterfall.

The scenery and character details in this painting may be a portrayal of the aging artist in his secluded life after he abandoned his official position at the end of the Yuan dynasty.

This ink and color on paper 65 x 34 cm had been made by the artist for a friend. It was sold for RMB 290M by China Guardian on November 30, 2023, lot 2195. It is illustrated including many details in the post sale article shared by The Value.

1925 Twelve Landscapes by Qi Baishi
2017 SOLD for RMB 930M by Poly

The traditional Chinese graphic art is an uninterrupted series of imitations of the old masters. Bada Shanren's eccentric approach at the very beginning of the Qing dynasty is a rare exception.

Born in Hunan province into a family of poor peasants, Qi Baishi was self-taught. Settled in Beijing at the age of 53 in 1917, he drew inspiration from Bada Shanren to develop a vigorous and spontaneous line, reaching poetry through a free realism. His greatest innovation is the use of inks in very bright colors.

His themes are varied while being ordinary and peaceful : landscapes, trees, countless small things. He paints according to his own observations, is not interested in symbols and allegories and does not follow Bada Shanren in the rebellion.

Qi Baishi executed in 1925 a monumental series of twelve vertical panels in light blue, gray, brown and pink on paper 180 x 47 cm each. The simple graphic style is inspired from Bada Shanren amended by the teaching of Wu Changshuo. T
he painting technique combines outline and splashing of ink, with bright colors in between. Calligraphed poems are included.

They manage to express the variety of mountains, villages and blossoming trees, as evidenced by  the twelve individual titles (Google translation from Chinese) : "Houses on the River", "Double Shadows of Rocks", "Lonely Sail on Banqiao", "Cypress Trees", "Afterglow on the Far Shore", "Pine Trees and White Houses", "Apricots" "Flower and Grass Hall", "Fir Tree Tower", "Deep Smoke and Shadow of Sail", "Spring Rain in the Mountains", "Mangroves and White Spring", "Bantang Lotus Fragrance".

The full set had been presented by the artist to a doctor in Beijing who specialized in treating senior Kuomintang officials and also artists and literati. It was sold for RMB 930M from a lower estimate of RMB 500M by Poly on December 17, 2017, lot 2806.
 ​The image is shared by China Daily.

There is only one other similar set. Painted in 1932, it is kept in a museum in Chongqing.
Landscape
China
Modern China
20th century
Decade 1920-1929
1925

​​1948 Landscape after Wang Ximeng by Zhang Daqian
2022 SOLD for HK$ 370M by Sotheby's

Zhang Daqian permeated his art with the best antique pictorial traditions, including the blue and green paintings from the Sui, Tang and Song. This practice was vilified by Western observers as plagiarism after the second world war. Yet it fits perfectly in the spirit of continuity that governs the Chinese art for three millennia.

Active in Nanjing during the Southern Tang dynasty, Dong Yuan developed the Jiangnan style of landscape painting with a highly elegant and effective brush stroke with a great sense of composition including perspective, executed in light ink and color. Along the Riverbank is kept by the Metropolitan Museum. Juran was his pupil.

An interpretation of Dong Yuan by Zhang Daqian is titled Riverside view of splendor. This hanging scroll in ink and color on paper 187 x 120 cm executed in 1946 was sold for RMB 132M by China Guardian on December 18, 2017, lot 263. The image is shared by ChinaDaily.

A landscape of rivers and mountains after Wang Ximeng painted in January and February 1948 is a fair example of a transformation performed by Zhang while keeping the spirit and the style of an antique painting. It had not been shown in public since 1983.

Wang was a prodigy artist under the Northern Song dynasty who was taught and commissioned by the Huizong emperor himself. He died in 1119 CE at 23 years old. The unique artwork attributed to him is a handscroll 52 x 1200 cm painted in ink and blue and green colors on silk when he was not yet 18 years old. It is now kept in the Palace Museum in Beijing.

The work by Zhang was to transfer the significant elements of that masterpiece into a 134 x 73 cm hanging scroll of a similar technique. He did not keep the original composition, changing the multi point classical scenery into a modern perspective from a shore while preserving the vastness of the mountain range.

He led the perfection into even copying the seagulls and geese half hidden in the waves. Zhang's make is in fine line and exquisite color including 
gold flecks that shimmer in the sunlight. The distant mountains are colored in Mogu style.

Landscape after Wang Ximeng was sold for HK $ 370M by Sotheby's on April 30, 2022, lot 3073. Please watch the video shared by the auction house, providing a significant juxtaposition of elements of the antique and modern pictures.

​
Juran was a landscape painter in the 10th century CE at the court of the Southern Tang in Nanjing when they were overwhelmed by the Northern Song. His 145 x 55 cm hanging scroll in ink on silk Storied Mountains and Dense Forests is kept at the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

A replica made by Zhang Daqian in the later 1940s, ink and color on paper 170 x 85 cm, was sold for RMB 103M by China Guardian on November 12, 2016, lot 724. It is illustrated in the post sale release shared by China Daily.
Zhang Daqian
Zhang Daqian before 1965
Decade 1940-1949
1948

1955 View in Huangshan by Huang Binhong
​2017 SOLD for RMB 345M by China Guardian

Chinese graphic art was not a monopoly for the professional artists. The literati had other occupations and did not need to sell their art. Still better : they have contributed by their appreciation of ancient cultures to the remarkable homogeneity of Chinese art throughout the historical period and almost to present day. In this sense the old man who brought to an unprecedented perfection in the early 1950s the very traditional landscape in ink on hanging scroll was not an artist.

Native from Zhejiang province, Huang Binhong had many passions centered on letters and ancient arts including calligraphy. He collected and carved seals, practiced fencing and played guqin. He made drawings since his youth and his favorite theme was the sublime Huangshan mountains which he visited nine times from 1883 to 1935.

Huang worked as an editor and illustrator and also as an art professor. In 1948, aged 85, he settled in Hangzhou where his teaching activity certainly left him more free time. It was from that point that he perfected the art of landscape.

He no longer travels in the mountains and works with memory and imagination, favoring the expression instead of the realism. Like the greatest masters, he does not need a preparatory drawing and does not erase. His full mastery of the width of the line generates superb contrasts enhanced by a skillful use of the voids to show mist and brook. The density of the lines reminds the Dürer hare and the overall composition is well balanced.

Huang had the nice practice of dating some of his works by his age. A view in Huangshan is dated to his 92 years, corresponding to 1955 just before his death. This 171 x 96 cm scroll was sold for RMB 345M from a lower estimate of RMB 80M by China Guardian on June 19, 2017, lot 706.
​
Another scenery realized in the same year, 178 x 74 cm, was sold for RMB 63M by China Guardian on May 18, 2014. It remembers the emotion of the artist comparing in an earlier trip the real view of the mountain with its interpretation by an artist of the Yuan period. The lower estimate that had been announced at RMB 12M attests a posteriori that the extreme quality of the ultimate art of Huang was rediscovered at that sale.
1955

1963 Infinite Scenery by Pan Tianshou
2018 SOLD for RMB 290M by China Guardian

Pan Tianshou spent his entire career teaching art. Specialist in ancient Chinese painting, he was director of the National Academy from 1945 to 1947 and then from 1957 until his public humiliation by the Red Guards in 1966.

Since the 1920s, he developed an innovative technique of painting with his fingers to create a wash, which he completes with a brush for a great boldness in the distribution of details. The artist enters his paper placed on the ground to produce works of very large format.

His drawings have an extremely expressive jerky line. For landscapes, he is the painter of summits, with pines shaken by the wind and eagles and crows proud of their domination.

On November 24, 2018, China Guardian sold for RMB 290M a very high hanging scroll, 360 x 150 cm, made in 1963 in ink and color on paper. Three titles have been proposed : Infinite scenery, Infinite scenery in dangerous peaks, View from the peak.

The composition includes a foreground with a shrub and a series of rocks that lead to the summit. The view is free towards another mountain of which only the upper part has been drawn, the impression of a majestic height being accentuated by the center of the image which is left blank.

Realized in 1958 with the same technique and an equally spectacular composition, a horizontal scroll 140 x 364 cm titled Pine after rain was sold for RMB 206M by the same auction house on November 20, 2019. It is illustrated in the post sale press release of the auction house.
1963

1964 Mountains in Red by Li Keran
2012 SOLD for RMB 293M by Poly

The beautiful mountains of China had inspired artists for centuries. With the approach of the Cultural Revolution, Li Keran provides this classic theme with a political significance.

In 1962 his rocky landscapes become deep red. The mountains are powerful towers that occupy almost the whole picture, limiting the place left to the sky. Hanging scrolls displaying down to the valley are also a tradition in Chinese landscape art. 

The steep mountains of Li Keran symbolize the domination of the political regime over the wilderness and the red hills that extend to the horizon demonstrate that this power is unlimited. The small houses quietly nestled in the valleys or on the mountainside attest to the protection provided by the regime to the people. The red mountains become a protection for the fertile valley.


A poem by the Great Helmsman appears in a border of the image, just like Chinese artists always calligraphed within their scrolls the texts of the greatest philosophers.

​Mountains in red, 131 x 84 cm, was painted by Li Keran in 1964 shortly before the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution. The strident red of the landscape could please the government. Groups of white houses maintain a popular simplicity. A depth effect is brought by the reds that are gradually stronger from background to foreground.

It illustrates a 1925 poem by Chairman Mao : “I see thousands of hills in crimsoned view, the woods piling up in deep dye”. This work includes a political refinement : the high mountain does not fully hide the view : the distant hills in the top left of the picture symbolize the unlimited future of Maoism.

It was sold for RMB 293M by Poly on June 3, 2012. The image is shared post sale by Art Market Monitor.
Li Keran
1964

CUI RUZHUO
​Intro

Cui Ruzhuo assembles polyptychs composed of vertical panels painted in line and wash on paper in his signature finger ink technique. A single monumental work may occupy a full wall in an exhibition.

The themes chosen by Cui appeal to the Chinese sensitivity. On the theme of the lotus, an assembly of eight scrolls 247 x 123 cm each was sold for HK $ 124M by Christie's on 29 November 2011, the very year of the creation of that work.

The favorite theme of Cui is the unlimited landscape of snowy mountains, eternally indifferent to men. A set of eight panels made in 2005 for a total size of 202 x 988 cm was sold for HK $ 77M by Christie's on May 28, 2013, lot 1347.

From October 2013 Poly Hong Kong had managed twice a year an auction session entirely devoted to Cui, titled Glossiness of uncarved jade.

1
​2013 The Grand Snowing Mountains
​2016 SOLD for HK$ 307M by Poly

Cui Ruzhuo is a connoisseur and keen collector of fine calligraphy and painting works from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties to modern masters. He is a doctoral tutor at the China Academy of Art in Beijing.

​His signature art is an accumulation of ink with the artist's fingers.


The Grand Snowing Mountains, inspired by Jiangnan, was painted in ink and color on paper in 2013. It was sold by Poly on April 7, 2013 for HK $ 236M, lot 2314, just after being prepared as a set of eight mounted panels 292 x 143 cm. ​It is illustrated in the 2015 post sale release.

A similar example, or possibly the same after rework, was sold on April 4, 2016 for HK $ 307M from a lower estimate of HK $ 150M as a mounted set of six for an overall 300 x 870 cm, lot 1213.
Cui Ruzhuo
Decade 2010-2019
2013

2
​2017 Twelve Screens of Landscape
2017 SOLD for RMB 240M by Poly

A mounted set of twelve elements 216 x 76 cm painted in 2017 by Cui Ruzhuo was sold for RMB 240M by Poly on December 17, 2017.
​
​It is illustrated in the post sale report shared by The Value. The reported title, Twelve screens of finger ink landscape, refers to Cui's signature painting technique.
2017

3
​2019 Rafting in Wind and Rain
2023 SOLD for RMB 230M by Yongle

Rafting in wind and rain, ink and color on paper 395 x 255 cm painted in 2019 by Cui Ruzhuo, features a boat brought home in harsh condition in a mountain surrounding.

It was sold for RMB 230M by Yongle on February 24, 2023.
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