Judaica
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See also : Manuscript Books Incunabula 16th century books Religious texts Antique coins Ancient England
Chronology : 1530-1539
See also : Manuscript Books Incunabula 16th century books Religious texts Antique coins Ancient England
Chronology : 1530-1539
66 The Shekels of Year 1 of Israel
1
One Shekel
2012 SOLD for $ 1.1M by Heritage
The events started quickly, 3826 years after the creation of the world according to the Jewish calendar, corresponding to the year 66 (retroactively) of our current calendar.
For about one hundred and thirty years, the Romans occupied Judea. By negligence, or more likely by provocation, the Greeks made some sacrifices of animals in front of the synagogues. The Romans let them do it, exacerbating the tensions between communities.
The Jewish revolt was massive. The Zealots seized the Temple of Jerusalem, with a revolutionary enthusiasm similar to the storming of the Bastille 1723 years later. The Jews believed having won their independence again, and used the silver reserves of the Temple to create a mint.
Dated Year 1 of Israel, two coins were sold on March 8, 2012 by Heritage. They are illustrated in chalices and pomegranates, with inscriptions in ancient Hebrew. The bigger, worth 1 shekel, is measuring 24 mm in diameter. The other, a quarter of a shekel, 16 mm.
These coins are of the utmost rarity. For each of the two, only one other example is known. They are poorly centered, as many antique coins, which reflects here an undeniable rush mixed with improvisation. They were possibly a first prototype pattern that was never circulated.
The revolution did not last long. Aware of the risk, Nero sent one of his ablest generals, the future emperor Vespasian. The war lasted four years and was atrocious.
The one shekel was sold for $ 1.1M, lot 20195.
For about one hundred and thirty years, the Romans occupied Judea. By negligence, or more likely by provocation, the Greeks made some sacrifices of animals in front of the synagogues. The Romans let them do it, exacerbating the tensions between communities.
The Jewish revolt was massive. The Zealots seized the Temple of Jerusalem, with a revolutionary enthusiasm similar to the storming of the Bastille 1723 years later. The Jews believed having won their independence again, and used the silver reserves of the Temple to create a mint.
Dated Year 1 of Israel, two coins were sold on March 8, 2012 by Heritage. They are illustrated in chalices and pomegranates, with inscriptions in ancient Hebrew. The bigger, worth 1 shekel, is measuring 24 mm in diameter. The other, a quarter of a shekel, 16 mm.
These coins are of the utmost rarity. For each of the two, only one other example is known. They are poorly centered, as many antique coins, which reflects here an undeniable rush mixed with improvisation. They were possibly a first prototype pattern that was never circulated.
The revolution did not last long. Aware of the risk, Nero sent one of his ablest generals, the future emperor Vespasian. The war lasted four years and was atrocious.
The one shekel was sold for $ 1.1M, lot 20195.
2
Quarter Shekel
2012 SOLD for $ 900K by Heritage
On the same sale as the one shekel on March 8, 2012, Heritage sold for $ 900K a coin of a quarter of a shekel dated from the Year 1 of Israel, lot 20201. Only one other example is known.
It is also exceptional for its monetary value : for reasons of productivity, very few coins of a quarter of a shekel will be produced throughout the duration of the revolution.
It is also exceptional for its monetary value : for reasons of productivity, very few coins of a quarter of a shekel will be produced throughout the duration of the revolution.
1189 Pentateuch
2015 SOLD for $ 3.6M by Sotheby's
The Pentateuch or Torah consists of the five books of the Law attributed to Moses. They are the basic texts of the Hebrew Bible.
The first sale of the Valmadonna Trust Library by Sotheby's on December 22, 2015 listed three European manuscripts among the oldest that survived the persecutions. They have the usual original textual additions : the major commentaries or Masorah magna in the header and footer and the minor commentaries or Masorah parva in the intervals between the columns.
One of them is dated exactly of 15 Tammuz 4949, corresponding to July 2, 1189 of our calendar. This manuscript of 482 pages 28 x 31 cm is made of the Pentateuch, the Haftarot (books of the Prophets) and the Five Songs. Scholars locate it in England through paleographic considerations and by the presence of Anglo-Norman words in some marginal notes.
1189 was a terrible year for the English Jews who were victims of riots at the coronation of Richard I. Their manuscripts were considered as a wealth and were looted. Very few Jewish belongings escaped this event followed a century later by the expulsion of the Jews from England. This highly rare medieval English Pentateuch in beautiful condition was sold for $ 3.6M from a lower estimate of $ 2M, lot 7.
The other two were unsold.
In the manuscript at lot 6, the Pentateuch and Haftarot with both types of Masorah are accompanied by the Targum which is the Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch. Undated, it may be contemporary to the English manuscript discussed above. Its writing is Ashkenazic and a Franco-German origin is assumed.
Lot 5 was considered as the oldest manuscript from the Valmadonna Trust Library although it does not anticipate the other two by more than a few decades. This manuscript in Sephardic writing was done in Spain. It is limited to the Pentateuch and its two Masorah.
The first sale of the Valmadonna Trust Library by Sotheby's on December 22, 2015 listed three European manuscripts among the oldest that survived the persecutions. They have the usual original textual additions : the major commentaries or Masorah magna in the header and footer and the minor commentaries or Masorah parva in the intervals between the columns.
One of them is dated exactly of 15 Tammuz 4949, corresponding to July 2, 1189 of our calendar. This manuscript of 482 pages 28 x 31 cm is made of the Pentateuch, the Haftarot (books of the Prophets) and the Five Songs. Scholars locate it in England through paleographic considerations and by the presence of Anglo-Norman words in some marginal notes.
1189 was a terrible year for the English Jews who were victims of riots at the coronation of Richard I. Their manuscripts were considered as a wealth and were looted. Very few Jewish belongings escaped this event followed a century later by the expulsion of the Jews from England. This highly rare medieval English Pentateuch in beautiful condition was sold for $ 3.6M from a lower estimate of $ 2M, lot 7.
The other two were unsold.
In the manuscript at lot 6, the Pentateuch and Haftarot with both types of Masorah are accompanied by the Targum which is the Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch. Undated, it may be contemporary to the English manuscript discussed above. Its writing is Ashkenazic and a Franco-German origin is assumed.
Lot 5 was considered as the oldest manuscript from the Valmadonna Trust Library although it does not anticipate the other two by more than a few decades. This manuscript in Sephardic writing was done in Spain. It is limited to the Pentateuch and its two Masorah.
That last just sold for $3 million pic.twitter.com/ZDAe1qPhit
— Mitch Fraas (@MitchFraas) December 22, 2015around 1300 CE Mahzor
2021 for sale by Sotheby's in October
waiting for catalogue
Medieval Hebrew prayer book expected to fetch up to $6m at auction https://t.co/kM1Y5OECDY
— Guardian culture (@guardianculture) September 2, 2021
1482 Printed Mishneh Torah
2014 SOLD for € 2.8M by Christie's
The Torah is a holy text whose writing on scroll must follow a meticulous rite. The invention of printing did however encourage the publication of Jewish books.
The Mishneh Torah is not for ritual use. This is a repetition of the Torah. One of them handwritten in Italy around 1460 in a book format had been withdrawn before a Sotheby's sale on April 29, 2013. Beautifully illuminated, it was made at a time when printing in Hebrew characters was not yet available.
Jews quickly feel the need of the printed book to share their learning. It is not a coincidence that their earliest printed book is not a Torah but a comment by Rashi. It was edited in Reggio di Calabria in 1475.
The most important Jewish book printed at that time is also not ritual. Made in Bologna in 1482, it was the first one to gather the five books of the Pentateuch, on 438 pages. The center of the page displays the sacred text which is surrounded by Rashi's comments. This book also includes some Hebrew words illuminated in gold on a dark blue background.
A copy on vellum was sold for € 2.8M from a lower estimate of € 1M by Christie's on April 30, 2014, lot 36.
The Mishneh Torah is not for ritual use. This is a repetition of the Torah. One of them handwritten in Italy around 1460 in a book format had been withdrawn before a Sotheby's sale on April 29, 2013. Beautifully illuminated, it was made at a time when printing in Hebrew characters was not yet available.
Jews quickly feel the need of the printed book to share their learning. It is not a coincidence that their earliest printed book is not a Torah but a comment by Rashi. It was edited in Reggio di Calabria in 1475.
The most important Jewish book printed at that time is also not ritual. Made in Bologna in 1482, it was the first one to gather the five books of the Pentateuch, on 438 pages. The center of the page displays the sacred text which is surrounded by Rashi's comments. This book also includes some Hebrew words illuminated in gold on a dark blue background.
A copy on vellum was sold for € 2.8M from a lower estimate of € 1M by Christie's on April 30, 2014, lot 36.
Past sales: an exceptional #Torah - the 1st appearance in print of the complete #Pentateuch: http://t.co/C70yK5GeDu pic.twitter.com/DgvyQ7d1Iq
— Christie's Books (@ChristiesBKS) March 28, 20151490 Mahzor
2012 SOLD for € 1.85M by Christie's
On May 11, 2012, Christie's sold a manuscript book of extreme rarity : an illuminated Mahzor made in Florence around 1490. History explains why this object could not exist at another time.
The Mahzor has all the characteristics of an illuminated book of hours, except that it deals with the Jewish liturgy and is written in Hebrew. Style comparisons show that the specimen for sale was made by a workshop specializing in Christian manuscripts.
This little book of 442 leaves 168 x 125mm was sold for € 1.85M from a lower estimate of € 400K, lot 62.
On one side, the printed incunabula already dominate the whole culture of the Renaissance. The workshops of the illuminators are beginning to be outdated. On the other hand, the movable type prints use Latin and Greek letters, and printed books in Hebrew are still a novelty.
The catalog states that "it is unsurprising that Jewish patrons called upon the services of artists who worked for the Medici". I would also say that it is not surprising that the Tuscan illuminators have solicited Jewish customers.
In Florence, Lorenzo de 'Medici was ending his "magnificent" reign. The great patron of arts and letters was also interested in Jews and protected them. Everything was to change from 1494 with the theocracy of Savonarola.
The Mahzor has all the characteristics of an illuminated book of hours, except that it deals with the Jewish liturgy and is written in Hebrew. Style comparisons show that the specimen for sale was made by a workshop specializing in Christian manuscripts.
This little book of 442 leaves 168 x 125mm was sold for € 1.85M from a lower estimate of € 400K, lot 62.
On one side, the printed incunabula already dominate the whole culture of the Renaissance. The workshops of the illuminators are beginning to be outdated. On the other hand, the movable type prints use Latin and Greek letters, and printed books in Hebrew are still a novelty.
The catalog states that "it is unsurprising that Jewish patrons called upon the services of artists who worked for the Medici". I would also say that it is not surprising that the Tuscan illuminators have solicited Jewish customers.
In Florence, Lorenzo de 'Medici was ending his "magnificent" reign. The great patron of arts and letters was also interested in Jews and protected them. Everything was to change from 1494 with the theocracy of Savonarola.
1520-1539 The Princeps Edition of the Talmud
2015 SOLD for $ 9.3M by Sotheby's
The Jews understood that the sacred texts require commentaries. These scholarly tractates constitute the Talmud. The two main collections are named the Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud. They started from the antique oral traditions.
The invention of printing was not immediately applied to Hebrew types. In Italy, some Christian illuminators were able to continue their business during the last decades of the fifteenth century by adapting their expertise to the copy of Hebrew books.
The first books printed in Hebrew also appeared in Italy. The texts are cleverly arranged in blocks for an easy comparison within the page between the basic text and its commentaries. There is nothing similar in the Christian culture as far as I know.
Daniel Bomberg, a Christian printer in Venice, obtained in 1515 the permission to print in Hebrew. His princeps editions of the Talmud are a major project carried out in three phases : the Babylonian Talmud from 1520 to 1523, the Talmud of Jerusalem in 1522 and 1523 and additional tractates from 1525 to 1539 that went to complete his Babylonian Talmud.
The result is an achievement. The composition continues the tradition of confrontational blocks with such skill that they will serve for centuries as a prototype for further printed editions of the Talmud. The rabbinical sources are carefully selected and considered as indisputable. The book is printed on a beautiful heavy paper.
Westminster Abbey once owned the finest surviving copy of the Babylonian Talmud of Bomberg, complete of its 3472 leaves of great freshness, in nine volumes 39 x 27 cm in a period binding. When he was assembling his Valmadonna Trust Library, the collector Jack Lunzer managed to acquire this set by providing in exchange a valuable old charter of the abbey.
The Bomberg Talmud of the Valmadonna Trust Library was sold for $ 9.3M from a lower estimate of $ 5M by Sotheby's on December 22, 2015, lot 12.
The Valmadonna collection was exhibited at Sotheby's in February 2009. The video below, which is an introduction to the 11,000 pieces displayed in this exhibition, demonstrates convincingly why the Bomberg Talmud is the most important jewel in this stunning library.
The invention of printing was not immediately applied to Hebrew types. In Italy, some Christian illuminators were able to continue their business during the last decades of the fifteenth century by adapting their expertise to the copy of Hebrew books.
The first books printed in Hebrew also appeared in Italy. The texts are cleverly arranged in blocks for an easy comparison within the page between the basic text and its commentaries. There is nothing similar in the Christian culture as far as I know.
Daniel Bomberg, a Christian printer in Venice, obtained in 1515 the permission to print in Hebrew. His princeps editions of the Talmud are a major project carried out in three phases : the Babylonian Talmud from 1520 to 1523, the Talmud of Jerusalem in 1522 and 1523 and additional tractates from 1525 to 1539 that went to complete his Babylonian Talmud.
The result is an achievement. The composition continues the tradition of confrontational blocks with such skill that they will serve for centuries as a prototype for further printed editions of the Talmud. The rabbinical sources are carefully selected and considered as indisputable. The book is printed on a beautiful heavy paper.
Westminster Abbey once owned the finest surviving copy of the Babylonian Talmud of Bomberg, complete of its 3472 leaves of great freshness, in nine volumes 39 x 27 cm in a period binding. When he was assembling his Valmadonna Trust Library, the collector Jack Lunzer managed to acquire this set by providing in exchange a valuable old charter of the abbey.
The Bomberg Talmud of the Valmadonna Trust Library was sold for $ 9.3M from a lower estimate of $ 5M by Sotheby's on December 22, 2015, lot 12.
The Valmadonna collection was exhibited at Sotheby's in February 2009. The video below, which is an introduction to the 11,000 pieces displayed in this exhibition, demonstrates convincingly why the Bomberg Talmud is the most important jewel in this stunning library.
1730 Illuminated Haggadah
2012 SOLD for $ 960K by Sotheby's
In the old days, calligraphy participated in the search for perfection. Some communities have sought to revive this tradition. On December 19, 2012, Sotheby's sold for $ 960K an illuminated manuscript made in 1730 for the Jewish community of Vienna, lot 122, in very fresh condition.
This is a Haggadah, the liturgical text of the Passover. It consists of 32 folios 29 x 21 cm and a large 50 x 29 cm map showing the tribulations of the Exodus. The whole is superbly executed on vellum, with three colors of ink for the writing, brown ink and gouache for the illustrations, along with some colored miniatures.
The artist is a Moravian scribe named Aaron Wolff Herlingen, considered as the best of his generation. Using his job as a pseudonym, he is also known as Aaron Schreiber.
This is a Haggadah, the liturgical text of the Passover. It consists of 32 folios 29 x 21 cm and a large 50 x 29 cm map showing the tribulations of the Exodus. The whole is superbly executed on vellum, with three colors of ink for the writing, brown ink and gouache for the illustrations, along with some colored miniatures.
The artist is a Moravian scribe named Aaron Wolff Herlingen, considered as the best of his generation. Using his job as a pseudonym, he is also known as Aaron Schreiber.
1782 Torah Shields
1
2020 SOLD for $ 1.35M by Sotheby's
Three Torah shields were exhibited in London in 1887 and 1906. Their similar design leaves no doubt that they were made by the same silversmith. They had been collected, most likely together, by Reuben David Sassoon. They remained in his family until their respective sales, in 2000 and 2020.
In a synagogue, the Torah ark is a tall wooden cabinet which is opened to access the book of divine teaching at the time of prayer. It is illustrated with numerous symbolic or liturgical scenes, which may include a bestiary. The hanging shield has a similar role for private devotion.
The Sassoon shields are very finely carved on chased silver. The front face centered by the Decalogue is in openwork parcel gilt. They have the rare characteristic of being also illustrated on the back. Their dimensions are similar, with a height of 24.7, 20.3 and 18 cm.
One of the pieces is inscribed in Hebrew by Elimelekh Tzoref in 1782 in Stanislav. Tzoref is a generic name for a smith. Stanislav is a village. Two pieces bear a later tax mark from Lemberg, now Lviv (Lvov) in Ukraine. The client was probably a wealthy resident of this big city.
Two of the reverses are illustrated with a detailed plan of the Temple in Jerusalem as it is traditionally interpreted by the Talmud. This scene is enlivened by processions of pilgrims and by animals led to sacrifice. By approaching the Torah, the faithful thus feel that they are entering the holy place. On the other shield, the main images on the back side illustrate the sacrifice and blessing of Isaac.
The largest shield was sold for the equivalent of $ 800K by Sotheby's in Tel Aviv on October 25, 2000. It was later donated to the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
The other two were sold by Sotheby's on December 17, 2020, lot 26 for $ 1.35M from a lower estimate of $ 600K and lot 27 for $ 690K. Please watch the video shared by the auction house.
In a synagogue, the Torah ark is a tall wooden cabinet which is opened to access the book of divine teaching at the time of prayer. It is illustrated with numerous symbolic or liturgical scenes, which may include a bestiary. The hanging shield has a similar role for private devotion.
The Sassoon shields are very finely carved on chased silver. The front face centered by the Decalogue is in openwork parcel gilt. They have the rare characteristic of being also illustrated on the back. Their dimensions are similar, with a height of 24.7, 20.3 and 18 cm.
One of the pieces is inscribed in Hebrew by Elimelekh Tzoref in 1782 in Stanislav. Tzoref is a generic name for a smith. Stanislav is a village. Two pieces bear a later tax mark from Lemberg, now Lviv (Lvov) in Ukraine. The client was probably a wealthy resident of this big city.
Two of the reverses are illustrated with a detailed plan of the Temple in Jerusalem as it is traditionally interpreted by the Talmud. This scene is enlivened by processions of pilgrims and by animals led to sacrifice. By approaching the Torah, the faithful thus feel that they are entering the holy place. On the other shield, the main images on the back side illustrate the sacrifice and blessing of Isaac.
The largest shield was sold for the equivalent of $ 800K by Sotheby's in Tel Aviv on October 25, 2000. It was later donated to the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
The other two were sold by Sotheby's on December 17, 2020, lot 26 for $ 1.35M from a lower estimate of $ 600K and lot 27 for $ 690K. Please watch the video shared by the auction house.
2
2020 SOLD for $ 690K by Sotheby's
In the same sale as the example above, by Sotheby's on December 17, 2020, the third Sassoon shield was sold for $ 690K, lot 27.
3
2000 SOLD for equivalent US $ 800K by Sotheby's
The largest Sasson shield was sold for the equivalent of $ 800K by Sotheby's in Tel Aviv on October 25, 2000. It was later donated to the Israel Museum in Jerusalem
