René MAGRITTE (1898-1967)
Except otherwise stated, all results include the premium.
See also : Early Magritte Cities
Chronology : 20th century 1937 1948 1949 1950-1959 1951 1954 1958 1961
See also : Early Magritte Cities
Chronology : 20th century 1937 1948 1949 1950-1959 1951 1954 1958 1961
1937 Le Principe du Plaisir
2018 SOLD for $ 27M by Sotheby's
Edward James is the son of an American railroad boss and of a supposed natural daughter of King Edward VII. He lives in England. He is a wealthy poet, and his interest in psychoanalysis is transformed into a passion for surrealist art.
In 1937 James is 30 years old. Dali introduces him to Magritte. Their connivance is immediate and perfect. Magritte proposes to make two surrealist portraits of his new patron.
Magritte sends a preparatory drawing to his model. He has chosen the theme of the portrait whose head is entirely replaced by a dazzling light. To make sure of James' enthusiasm, Magritte asks him to take care of the photographic preparation in the pose that matches the drawing. James has the picture taken by Man Ray.
On November 12, 2018, Sotheby's sold for $ 27M from a lower estimate of $ 15M this portrait of James by Magritte, oil on canvas 73 x 55 cm painted in 1937, lot 35. Magritte has friendly chosen a Freudian title, Le Principe du Plaisir. The outline of the head is embedded in a halo that makes the image even more laudative.
The provenance testifies to the lasting success of this portrait. It belonged to James and then to his foundation until 1978 and remained in another collection since 1979.
The second portrait, also painted in 1937, is titled La Reproduction Interdite. It is another development of the theme of the visible and the hidden. James looks at himself in a large mirror in which his reflection is seen from behind.
Please watch the video shared by Sotheby's.
In 1937 James is 30 years old. Dali introduces him to Magritte. Their connivance is immediate and perfect. Magritte proposes to make two surrealist portraits of his new patron.
Magritte sends a preparatory drawing to his model. He has chosen the theme of the portrait whose head is entirely replaced by a dazzling light. To make sure of James' enthusiasm, Magritte asks him to take care of the photographic preparation in the pose that matches the drawing. James has the picture taken by Man Ray.
On November 12, 2018, Sotheby's sold for $ 27M from a lower estimate of $ 15M this portrait of James by Magritte, oil on canvas 73 x 55 cm painted in 1937, lot 35. Magritte has friendly chosen a Freudian title, Le Principe du Plaisir. The outline of the head is embedded in a halo that makes the image even more laudative.
The provenance testifies to the lasting success of this portrait. It belonged to James and then to his foundation until 1978 and remained in another collection since 1979.
The second portrait, also painted in 1937, is titled La Reproduction Interdite. It is another development of the theme of the visible and the hidden. James looks at himself in a large mirror in which his reflection is seen from behind.
Please watch the video shared by Sotheby's.
1948 La Voix du Sang
2022 SOLD for $ 26.7M by Christie's
After the War René Magritte revisits his typical Surrealist themes. The series La Voix du Sang is a remake of L'Arbre savant from 1935.
The trunk of the 1935 leafless tree is hollowed like a tall dresser of several compartments one over the other. Each of them has a door curved in alignment to the trunk. L'Arbre Savant had four sections. From bottom to top, a candle, a pyramid, a mingled mass of metal wire and an undefined object behind a nearly closed door. The surrealist play is between the visible and the hidden.
In 1947 the first version of La Voix du Sang, staged in twilight, brings some improvement. The cabinets are reduced to three, whose full front view reveals the impossible balance of the handsome leafy tree. The tree is displayed against a grassy valley instead of a wall. The lower compartments have a lit doll's house and a sphere. The half closed top compartment may be empty. This oil on canvas 65 x 54 cm was sold for $ 3.6M by Christie's on November 6, 2007, lot 77.
Two finished versions follow in 1948 with the same title, one with and one without a red curtain.
The no curtain Voix du Sang, 79 x 59 cm oil on canvas, was sold for $ 26.7M from a lower estimate of $ 12M by Christie's on November 9, 2022, lot 20.
The trunk of the 1935 leafless tree is hollowed like a tall dresser of several compartments one over the other. Each of them has a door curved in alignment to the trunk. L'Arbre Savant had four sections. From bottom to top, a candle, a pyramid, a mingled mass of metal wire and an undefined object behind a nearly closed door. The surrealist play is between the visible and the hidden.
In 1947 the first version of La Voix du Sang, staged in twilight, brings some improvement. The cabinets are reduced to three, whose full front view reveals the impossible balance of the handsome leafy tree. The tree is displayed against a grassy valley instead of a wall. The lower compartments have a lit doll's house and a sphere. The half closed top compartment may be empty. This oil on canvas 65 x 54 cm was sold for $ 3.6M by Christie's on November 6, 2007, lot 77.
Two finished versions follow in 1948 with the same title, one with and one without a red curtain.
The no curtain Voix du Sang, 79 x 59 cm oil on canvas, was sold for $ 26.7M from a lower estimate of $ 12M by Christie's on November 9, 2022, lot 20.
L'Empire des Lumières
1
1949 1st version
2023 SOLD for $ 35M by Christie's
Surrealism is most often requiring an uneasy decoding. When practiced by René Magritte, it sometimes disturbs the viewer by the very simplicity of the message. La Trahison des Images painted in 1929 became the symbol of that language which is both offbeat and poetic.
With its title attributed by Paul Nougé, L'Empire des lumières reached a similar notoriety. The theme is commonplace : a night view of a suburb inspired by the Brussels district where Magritte resides.
The inhabitants are not visible but we imagine them behind the lighted windows. A lamppost illuminates the street with a questionable effectiveness. Beside these few glows the shadows are saturated. No contradiction of scale comes to puzzle the viewer.
Above this peaceful night the sky is blue, dotted with white clouds. The artist asks a poetic question for which he knows that there is no answer : are day and night incompatible or are they two complementary elements of real life ? In pre war works such as Le Poison, the addition of the crescent moon and starred sky on the façade added the surrealist feeling that Magritte removed in L'Empire des lumières.
The first oil variant of the Empire des lumières was completed in 1949. This canvas 49 x 59 cm was sold by Christie's for $ 20.6M on November 13, 2017, lot 12 A and for $ 35M on November 9, 2023, lot 16 B.
Nobody dared questioning if the Empire des lumières was not just a mere realistic twilight. It somehow illustrates a typically Surrealist verse by Breton : 'Si seulement il faisait du soleil cette nuit'. Indeed when Magritte relocated in a quiet residential corner in Brussels in the fall of 1955, he wrote to a friend : “You will see: in the evenings, it’s like being in the picture L'Empire des Lumières".
With its title attributed by Paul Nougé, L'Empire des lumières reached a similar notoriety. The theme is commonplace : a night view of a suburb inspired by the Brussels district where Magritte resides.
The inhabitants are not visible but we imagine them behind the lighted windows. A lamppost illuminates the street with a questionable effectiveness. Beside these few glows the shadows are saturated. No contradiction of scale comes to puzzle the viewer.
Above this peaceful night the sky is blue, dotted with white clouds. The artist asks a poetic question for which he knows that there is no answer : are day and night incompatible or are they two complementary elements of real life ? In pre war works such as Le Poison, the addition of the crescent moon and starred sky on the façade added the surrealist feeling that Magritte removed in L'Empire des lumières.
The first oil variant of the Empire des lumières was completed in 1949. This canvas 49 x 59 cm was sold by Christie's for $ 20.6M on November 13, 2017, lot 12 A and for $ 35M on November 9, 2023, lot 16 B.
Nobody dared questioning if the Empire des lumières was not just a mere realistic twilight. It somehow illustrates a typically Surrealist verse by Breton : 'Si seulement il faisait du soleil cette nuit'. Indeed when Magritte relocated in a quiet residential corner in Brussels in the fall of 1955, he wrote to a friend : “You will see: in the evenings, it’s like being in the picture L'Empire des Lumières".
2
1951 number III
2023 SOLD for $ 42M by Sotheby's
René Magritte used to execute remakes of his preferred titles with images slightly different from one another. The 17 oil variants of L'Empire des Lumières are all different while maintaining the same theme of night and day in a quiet suburb.
The number III, oil in canvas 80 x 66 cm, was painted in 1951. It is departing from the first two by a setting in the distance that cancels the street and the streetlamp. Beside the dark foreground the row of a single house with silhouetted trees looks desperately flat. The ten apertures of the house in two floors are brilliantly lit from behind.
The residents are absent. Viewers looking for a human representation cannot any more focus on the lamp. They find a boulder on the lawn and an oversized tree beside the house. At the same time with La Forêt, Giacometti personalized the trees.
This version was sold for $ 42M by Sotheby's on May 16, 2023, lot 3.
The removal of the streetlamp was not convincing for the balance of the image. This equipment was restituted in all the subsequent oil versions.
The number III, oil in canvas 80 x 66 cm, was painted in 1951. It is departing from the first two by a setting in the distance that cancels the street and the streetlamp. Beside the dark foreground the row of a single house with silhouetted trees looks desperately flat. The ten apertures of the house in two floors are brilliantly lit from behind.
The residents are absent. Viewers looking for a human representation cannot any more focus on the lamp. They find a boulder on the lawn and an oversized tree beside the house. At the same time with La Forêt, Giacometti personalized the trees.
This version was sold for $ 42M by Sotheby's on May 16, 2023, lot 3.
The removal of the streetlamp was not convincing for the balance of the image. This equipment was restituted in all the subsequent oil versions.
3
1954
2024 SOLD for $ 120M by Christie's
In 1954 Magritte added a significant goodie in three opuses of L'Empire des Lumières. He superseded the dark foreground by a waterway, doubling the points of light by their rippling reflection. The three were prepared by the artist for deceived buyers disappointed after he sold a promised large size example to Peggy Guggenheim at the Venice Biennale.
One of them, 146 x 114 cm, is still kept by its original owner, the Musées Royaux in Brussels. Its scene is nearly identical with the example in the Ertegun collection, oil on canvas of the same size, sold for $ 120M by Christie's on November 19, 2024, lot 19A.
The third version, 129 x 94 cm with another configuration of the trees, belongs to the Menil collection in Houston.
A gouache on paper 36 x 47 cm painted in 1956 with the waterway in the foreground was sold for $ 19M by Christie's on November 19, 2024, lot 25A. The reflection the lights over the ground floor is out of the field.
One of them, 146 x 114 cm, is still kept by its original owner, the Musées Royaux in Brussels. Its scene is nearly identical with the example in the Ertegun collection, oil on canvas of the same size, sold for $ 120M by Christie's on November 19, 2024, lot 19A.
The third version, 129 x 94 cm with another configuration of the trees, belongs to the Menil collection in Houston.
A gouache on paper 36 x 47 cm painted in 1956 with the waterway in the foreground was sold for $ 19M by Christie's on November 19, 2024, lot 25A. The reflection the lights over the ground floor is out of the field.
4
1961 15th version
2022 SOLD for £ 60M by Sotheby's
The friends of the artist are enthusiastic about L'Empire des Lumières and Magritte makes a total of seventeen oil variants over the years. An Empire des lumières 100 x 80 cm painted in 1952 was sold for $ 12.7M by Christie's on May 7, 2002, lot 36.
The fifteenth version of L'Empire des Lumières was painted by Magritte from order for a present to a friend's daughter. It is an enlarged remake of a segment of the original painting in a large size panoramic format of similar proportions.
Matching some features of Magritte's ideal woman, the daughter revealed in 2015 that she had been the charming blonde model for La Fée ignorante, a beautiful title of an artwork indeed. The artist kindly said to the teenager : “tu vois, je te peignais déjà avant de te connaître...”»
Now consigned from that single ownership, this oil on canvas 115 x 146 cm was sold for £ 60M by Sotheby's on March 2, 2022, lot 114.
Magritte himself brings a disturbing continuation much later with La Fin du monde. Over the same place the sky has become black and in a better logic the horizon is still bright. The signature head with the bowler hat appears as a threat amidst the black silhouettes of the trees. This oil on canvas 82 x 100 cm painted in 1963 was sold for $ 7M by Christie's on November 1, 2011.
The fifteenth version of L'Empire des Lumières was painted by Magritte from order for a present to a friend's daughter. It is an enlarged remake of a segment of the original painting in a large size panoramic format of similar proportions.
Matching some features of Magritte's ideal woman, the daughter revealed in 2015 that she had been the charming blonde model for La Fée ignorante, a beautiful title of an artwork indeed. The artist kindly said to the teenager : “tu vois, je te peignais déjà avant de te connaître...”»
Now consigned from that single ownership, this oil on canvas 115 x 146 cm was sold for £ 60M by Sotheby's on March 2, 2022, lot 114.
Magritte himself brings a disturbing continuation much later with La Fin du monde. Over the same place the sky has become black and in a better logic the horizon is still bright. The signature head with the bowler hat appears as a threat amidst the black silhouettes of the trees. This oil on canvas 82 x 100 cm painted in 1963 was sold for $ 7M by Christie's on November 1, 2011.
1958 L'Ami Intime
2024 SOLD for £ 34M by Christie's
The man with the bowler hat, viewed from front or from behind, in mid or full length, appears from 1926 in the art of Magritte amidst other characters. Three years later La trahison des images is an artistic manifesto of a sublime simplicity, in just six words: "Ceci n'est pas une pipe."
This everybody person becomes one of the strongest symbols of the treachery of the images. The artist views him as his alter ego, the imperturbable attendent of an oneiric surrealist world. Nevertheless Magritte does not make a pre-eminence in his artistic poetry between man, cloud, tree or bilboquet.
In the 1950s Magritte's hyperrealistic touch pushes that man to an unprecedented weird poetry. The character from behind is also a reminder of the 1818 wanderer contemplating the Alps by Friedrich.
L'Ami Intime, painted in 1958, features him mid length, observing the landscape from a stone balcony. He was in the same position with other sceneries in La Boîte de Pandore (1951), Le Chant des Sirènes (1953), Le Grand Siècle (1954) Bouquet tout fait (1957).
In L'Ami Intime, a still life of a glass of water and a loaf of bread is floating ahead of the vest, very similar to a floating figure in a landscape in the same year in La Force des Choses.
L'Ami Intime, oil on canvas 73 x 65 cm, was sold for £ 34M by Christie's on March 7, 2024, lot 108.
This everybody person becomes one of the strongest symbols of the treachery of the images. The artist views him as his alter ego, the imperturbable attendent of an oneiric surrealist world. Nevertheless Magritte does not make a pre-eminence in his artistic poetry between man, cloud, tree or bilboquet.
In the 1950s Magritte's hyperrealistic touch pushes that man to an unprecedented weird poetry. The character from behind is also a reminder of the 1818 wanderer contemplating the Alps by Friedrich.
L'Ami Intime, painted in 1958, features him mid length, observing the landscape from a stone balcony. He was in the same position with other sceneries in La Boîte de Pandore (1951), Le Chant des Sirènes (1953), Le Grand Siècle (1954) Bouquet tout fait (1957).
In L'Ami Intime, a still life of a glass of water and a loaf of bread is floating ahead of the vest, very similar to a floating figure in a landscape in the same year in La Force des Choses.
L'Ami Intime, oil on canvas 73 x 65 cm, was sold for £ 34M by Christie's on March 7, 2024, lot 108.
1962 A la Rencontre du Plaisir
2020 SOLD for £ 19M by Christie's
Magritte's surrealism is an incongruous juxtaposition of easily recognizable ordinary elements. After the war, he is famous and spectators are looking for surrealist interpretations. When there is none, as in L'Empire des lumières, the artist reaches another dimension. He becomes a poet.
The Moon is a recurring element in the art of Magritte. Full or in crescent, it shines at dusk or at night. In 1955 Le Maître d'école is an example of the new preponderance of poetry in his art. In a soft twilight, the man with the bowler hat turns his back to us for looking at a wasteland bordered by a few houses. The bright crescent is just above the hat. A 33 x 25 cm gouache was sold for $ 6.7M by Sotheby's on November 5, 2015.
There is nothing impossible in A la rencontre du plaisir, oil on canvas 46 x 55 cm painted in 1962, without relation to previous works of the same title. Probably composed for his circle of friends, this painting brings together several traditional elements of the artist. It was sold for £ 19M from a lower estimate of £ 8M by Christie's on February 5, 2020, lot 32.
The full moon shines above a glade in the still blue sky of a much advanced twilight. The man with the hat is in the same position as in Le Maître d'école, but almost indistinguishable in this atmosphere which is even darker than in L'Empire des lumières. On the left, the composition is completed by the theater curtain, symbol of a fake world.
The Moon is a recurring element in the art of Magritte. Full or in crescent, it shines at dusk or at night. In 1955 Le Maître d'école is an example of the new preponderance of poetry in his art. In a soft twilight, the man with the bowler hat turns his back to us for looking at a wasteland bordered by a few houses. The bright crescent is just above the hat. A 33 x 25 cm gouache was sold for $ 6.7M by Sotheby's on November 5, 2015.
There is nothing impossible in A la rencontre du plaisir, oil on canvas 46 x 55 cm painted in 1962, without relation to previous works of the same title. Probably composed for his circle of friends, this painting brings together several traditional elements of the artist. It was sold for £ 19M from a lower estimate of £ 8M by Christie's on February 5, 2020, lot 32.
The full moon shines above a glade in the still blue sky of a much advanced twilight. The man with the hat is in the same position as in Le Maître d'école, but almost indistinguishable in this atmosphere which is even darker than in L'Empire des lumières. On the left, the composition is completed by the theater curtain, symbol of a fake world.
1962 L'Arc de Triomphe
2020 SOLD for £ 17.8M by Christie's
L'Arc de Triomphe, painted by Magritte in 1962, features in a low contrast of twilight a full height chestnut tree against a background of leaves seen in close-up, confronting the trunk as a symbol of stillness with its free foliage.
Such departure from his signature Surrealism to some decorative effect was made at a restart point after an illness, when the artist suddenly desired to explore a theme of Les Goûts et les Couleurs, which was indeed the original title of that painting.
This large size oil on canvas 130 x 162 cm was sold for £ 17.8M from a lower estimate of £ 6.5M by Christie's on July 6, 2020, lot 36.
Such departure from his signature Surrealism to some decorative effect was made at a restart point after an illness, when the artist suddenly desired to explore a theme of Les Goûts et les Couleurs, which was indeed the original title of that painting.
This large size oil on canvas 130 x 162 cm was sold for £ 17.8M from a lower estimate of £ 6.5M by Christie's on July 6, 2020, lot 36.
1964 Le Lieu Commun
2019 SOLD for £ 18.4M by Christie's
René Magritte transforms any object into an illusion. The mystery of the composition must attract and maintain the observer, but there is no explanation. There is the same relationship between the real world and the painting as between an object and its advertising.
Magritte patiently built his universe with images of objects that intersect, merge, overlap, repeat in an endless game. In real life, he blends into the banality by wearing the suit, the tie and the bowler hat of Mr. Everybody.
The man and the woman have different roles. The woman is naked, full front, ready to merge into an antique marble. Unlike her, the man with the bowler hat very rarely displays his face, hidden by the invading flight of an apple or a bird. There are no self-portraits, except when this theme has been explicitly ordered by a client, because the artist has abolished any difference between himself and the others.
On February 27, 2019, Christie's sold for £ 18.4M Le Lieu commun, oil on canvas 100 x 81 cm painted in 1964, lot 108. Please watch the video prepared by the auction house.
In a composition cut up like disparate strips of wallpaper, the man with the bowler hat appears twice. On the left he is in front with his banal face fully visible. On the right, limited to the nape of the neck, the ear and the back of the jacket, he leaves the stage.
The man is there but he is nowhere. The right portion scrolls smoothly between the edge of the wall and the landscape, but the left portrait is truncated by the same piece of landscape in front of a similar wall. If we re-assemble these two pieces, the head would be complete.
Like Escher and his impossible figures, Magritte abolishes the three-dimensional logic. At the same time, he is preparing his masterpiece of this kind, titled Le blanc-seing, showing a horse and its riding woman cut by the forest.
Magritte patiently built his universe with images of objects that intersect, merge, overlap, repeat in an endless game. In real life, he blends into the banality by wearing the suit, the tie and the bowler hat of Mr. Everybody.
The man and the woman have different roles. The woman is naked, full front, ready to merge into an antique marble. Unlike her, the man with the bowler hat very rarely displays his face, hidden by the invading flight of an apple or a bird. There are no self-portraits, except when this theme has been explicitly ordered by a client, because the artist has abolished any difference between himself and the others.
On February 27, 2019, Christie's sold for £ 18.4M Le Lieu commun, oil on canvas 100 x 81 cm painted in 1964, lot 108. Please watch the video prepared by the auction house.
In a composition cut up like disparate strips of wallpaper, the man with the bowler hat appears twice. On the left he is in front with his banal face fully visible. On the right, limited to the nape of the neck, the ear and the back of the jacket, he leaves the stage.
The man is there but he is nowhere. The right portion scrolls smoothly between the edge of the wall and the landscape, but the left portrait is truncated by the same piece of landscape in front of a similar wall. If we re-assemble these two pieces, the head would be complete.
Like Escher and his impossible figures, Magritte abolishes the three-dimensional logic. At the same time, he is preparing his masterpiece of this kind, titled Le blanc-seing, showing a horse and its riding woman cut by the forest.
