Printed Books
not including Comic books.
Except otherwise stated, all results include the premium.
See also : Incunabula 16th century books 17th century books Inventions Judaica Ancient England Literature Poems and lyrics Sciences The birds of America Travel
Chronology : 1460-1479 1530-1539 1620-1629 1640-1649 1820-1829 1830-1839
Except otherwise stated, all results include the premium.
See also : Incunabula 16th century books 17th century books Inventions Judaica Ancient England Literature Poems and lyrics Sciences The birds of America Travel
Chronology : 1460-1479 1530-1539 1620-1629 1640-1649 1820-1829 1830-1839
Intro
The 42-line Bible is the first book printed in Europe with the movable type technique in a printing press, developed by Gutenberg in Mainz from 1450. The first edition is available in 1455. Gutenberg goes bankrupt in 1456 after the justice court decided that the investment should be returned to Fust.
The work is divided into two volumes, respectively covering the Old and New Testaments in the Latin text of the Vulgate, with a total of 1,282 pages 42 x 30 cm in double folio format printed on both sides. Printing is done in black ink in two columns per page. The typography imitates handwriting. The color decoration and rubrication are not printed but a guide could be provided to the purchaser.
The original edition produced under the supervision of Gutenberg is estimated at 150 copies on paper plus 30 copies on vellum. 21 complete copies have survived, plus 13 limited to one of the two volumes and another 15 with several missing leaves.
On April 7, 1978, Christie's sold for $ 2.2M a copy on paper, completed since the only missing leaf had been supplied in 1953 by a specialist bookseller. This almost perfect copy is currently kept at the Stuttgart State Library.
On October 22, 1987, Christie's sold for $ 5.4M a Volume I on paper, clean and fresh in its original Mainz binding. This book is currently kept at a private university in Japan.
The work is divided into two volumes, respectively covering the Old and New Testaments in the Latin text of the Vulgate, with a total of 1,282 pages 42 x 30 cm in double folio format printed on both sides. Printing is done in black ink in two columns per page. The typography imitates handwriting. The color decoration and rubrication are not printed but a guide could be provided to the purchaser.
The original edition produced under the supervision of Gutenberg is estimated at 150 copies on paper plus 30 copies on vellum. 21 complete copies have survived, plus 13 limited to one of the two volumes and another 15 with several missing leaves.
On April 7, 1978, Christie's sold for $ 2.2M a copy on paper, completed since the only missing leaf had been supplied in 1953 by a specialist bookseller. This almost perfect copy is currently kept at the Stuttgart State Library.
On October 22, 1987, Christie's sold for $ 5.4M a Volume I on paper, clean and fresh in its original Mainz binding. This book is currently kept at a private university in Japan.
1477 The Canterbury Tales printed by Caxton
1998 SOLD for £ 4.6M by Christie's
William Caxton travels in the service of Edward IV. His function is both diplomatic and commercial, and in 1462 he is appointed governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, acting in Flanders.
He is a very important promoter of English literature, himself making numerous translations of secular texts. He understands the cultural incentive of the printing press during a visit to Cologne in 1471. He immediately transfers a printing press to Bruges. Translated from French by Caxton and printed in Flanders in 1473, the Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the very first incunabula in the English language. A copy was sold for £ 1.08M by Sotheby's on July 15, 2014.
When Caxton returned to London in 1476, his new expertise was eagerly awaited. He instals a printing press in Westminster, the first of its kind in England.
His passion for English literature is heightened by this possibility of dissemination. He is a great admirer of Chaucer, which he publishes without resorting to sponsors. Chaucer's masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, becomes in 1477 the first masterpiece of English printing. This achievement is all the more meritorious as Caxton later complained of the poor literary quality of the manuscript at his disposal.
About ten copies of this original edition have survived, plus three important fragments. The only complete copy, which had belonged to King George III, is in the British Library. The illuminated copy kept in Oxford has been completed.
On 8 July 1998 at lot 2, Christie's sold for £ 4.6M the only copy in private hands, which is also one of the most complete with only 4 lacking leaves.
He is a very important promoter of English literature, himself making numerous translations of secular texts. He understands the cultural incentive of the printing press during a visit to Cologne in 1471. He immediately transfers a printing press to Bruges. Translated from French by Caxton and printed in Flanders in 1473, the Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the very first incunabula in the English language. A copy was sold for £ 1.08M by Sotheby's on July 15, 2014.
When Caxton returned to London in 1476, his new expertise was eagerly awaited. He instals a printing press in Westminster, the first of its kind in England.
His passion for English literature is heightened by this possibility of dissemination. He is a great admirer of Chaucer, which he publishes without resorting to sponsors. Chaucer's masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, becomes in 1477 the first masterpiece of English printing. This achievement is all the more meritorious as Caxton later complained of the poor literary quality of the manuscript at his disposal.
About ten copies of this original edition have survived, plus three important fragments. The only complete copy, which had belonged to King George III, is in the British Library. The illuminated copy kept in Oxford has been completed.
On 8 July 1998 at lot 2, Christie's sold for £ 4.6M the only copy in private hands, which is also one of the most complete with only 4 lacking leaves.
1520-1539 The Princeps Edition of the Talmud
2015 SOLD for $ 9.3M by Sotheby's
The Jews understood that the sacred texts require commentaries. These scholarly tractates constitute the Talmud. The two main collections are named the Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud. They started from the antique oral traditions.
The invention of printing was not immediately applied to Hebrew types. In Italy, some Christian illuminators were able to continue their business during the last decades of the fifteenth century by adapting their expertise to the copy of Hebrew books.
The first books printed in Hebrew also appeared in Italy. A Mishneh Torah printed in Bologna in 1482 was sold for € 2.8M by Christie's on April 30, 2014. The texts are cleverly arranged in blocks for an easy comparison within the page between the basic text and its commentaries. There is nothing similar in the Christian culture as far as I know.
Daniel Bomberg, a Christian printer in Venice, obtained in 1515 the permission to print in Hebrew. His princeps editions of the Talmud are a major project carried out in three phases : the Babylonian Talmud from 1520 to 1523, the Talmud of Jerusalem in 1522 and 1523 and additional tractates from 1525 to 1539 that went to complete his Babylonian Talmud.
The result is an achievement. The composition continues the tradition of confrontational blocks with such skill that they will serve for centuries as a prototype for further printed editions of the Talmud. The rabbinical sources are carefully selected and considered as indisputable. The book is printed on a beautiful heavy paper.
Westminster Abbey once owned the finest surviving copy of the Babylonian Talmud of Bomberg, complete of its 3472 leaves of great freshness, in nine volumes 39 x 27 cm in a period binding. When he was assembling his Valmadonna Trust Library, the collector Jack Lunzer managed to acquire this set by providing in exchange a valuable old charter of the abbey.
The Bomberg Talmud of the Valmadonna Trust Library was sold for $ 9.3M from a lower estimate of $ 5M by Sotheby's on December 22, 2015, lot 12.
The Valmadonna collection was exhibited at Sotheby's in February 2009. The video below, which is an introduction to the 11000 pieces displayed in this exhibition, demonstrates convincingly why the Bomberg Talmud is the most important jewel in this stunning library.
The invention of printing was not immediately applied to Hebrew types. In Italy, some Christian illuminators were able to continue their business during the last decades of the fifteenth century by adapting their expertise to the copy of Hebrew books.
The first books printed in Hebrew also appeared in Italy. A Mishneh Torah printed in Bologna in 1482 was sold for € 2.8M by Christie's on April 30, 2014. The texts are cleverly arranged in blocks for an easy comparison within the page between the basic text and its commentaries. There is nothing similar in the Christian culture as far as I know.
Daniel Bomberg, a Christian printer in Venice, obtained in 1515 the permission to print in Hebrew. His princeps editions of the Talmud are a major project carried out in three phases : the Babylonian Talmud from 1520 to 1523, the Talmud of Jerusalem in 1522 and 1523 and additional tractates from 1525 to 1539 that went to complete his Babylonian Talmud.
The result is an achievement. The composition continues the tradition of confrontational blocks with such skill that they will serve for centuries as a prototype for further printed editions of the Talmud. The rabbinical sources are carefully selected and considered as indisputable. The book is printed on a beautiful heavy paper.
Westminster Abbey once owned the finest surviving copy of the Babylonian Talmud of Bomberg, complete of its 3472 leaves of great freshness, in nine volumes 39 x 27 cm in a period binding. When he was assembling his Valmadonna Trust Library, the collector Jack Lunzer managed to acquire this set by providing in exchange a valuable old charter of the abbey.
The Bomberg Talmud of the Valmadonna Trust Library was sold for $ 9.3M from a lower estimate of $ 5M by Sotheby's on December 22, 2015, lot 12.
The Valmadonna collection was exhibited at Sotheby's in February 2009. The video below, which is an introduction to the 11000 pieces displayed in this exhibition, demonstrates convincingly why the Bomberg Talmud is the most important jewel in this stunning library.
1623 SHAKESPEARE's First Folio
Intro
Shakespeare : Meaning, inspiration and Influence of his work on the advancement of Literature, Drama and overall on Civilization and Culture. Psychological evaluation. How did he promote his own work ? Detail the posthumous project and edition of his First Folio by outstanding followers.
William Shakespeare: An Overview
William Shakespeare (1564–1616), often hailed as the Bard of Avon, was an English playwright, poet, and actor whose works have profoundly shaped human expression and thought. His canon includes 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and two long narrative poems, produced during the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. Shakespeare's inspiration drew from classical sources like Greek and Roman drama, contemporary events, folklore, and the human condition itself, blending tragedy, comedy, history, and romance to explore universal themes such as love, power, ambition, jealousy, and mortality.
Meaning and Inspiration in Shakespeare's Works
The core meaning of Shakespeare's oeuvre lies in its deep humanism: a Renaissance synthesis of Christianity, classicism, and inquiry into the self. He portrayed characters as complex beings driven by internal conflicts, societal pressures, and fate, emphasizing that human nature is neither wholly good nor evil but a blend subjected to scrutiny. His inspiration stemmed from diverse sources, including ancient texts (e.g., Ovid for Venus and Adonis, Plutarch for Julius Caesar), English history chronicles like Holinshed's, and the vibrant London theater scene. Shakespeare fused native English folk traditions with classical structures, innovating plot, language, and characterization to create timeless narratives. For instance, his tragedies often draw from Senecan revenge plays but infuse them with psychological depth, while comedies borrow from Italian commedia dell'arte yet add witty wordplay and social commentary.
Influence on Literature, Drama, Civilization, and Culture
Shakespeare's impact on literature is immeasurable; he coined or popularized around 1,700 words (e.g., "assassination," "bedazzled," "swagger") and phrases like "star-crossed lovers" that permeate modern English. He pioneered tropes such as tragic flaws, soliloquies for inner monologue, and genre-blending, influencing writers from Dickens to Faulkner and Stoppard. In drama, he elevated theater from elite entertainment to a populist art form, building the Globe Theatre and performing for diverse audiences, which democratized storytelling and inspired global stage traditions.
On civilization and culture, Shakespeare embodies Western values—adherence to tradition mixed with critical inquiry—while transcending them, with his works studied and performed in non-Western contexts like China and India. His plays have shaped moral and spiritual visions, influencing politics (e.g., leadership in Henry V), psychology, law, and popular culture, from films (The Lion King as Hamlet) to music and advertising. His brand persists in empire-building, education, and commerce, making him a cultural export that outlasted British colonialism. Globally, he remains the most performed playwright, fostering empathy and debate on human experiences.
Psychological Evaluation of Shakespeare's Works
Shakespeare's plays serve as early psychological case studies, revealing characters' hidden thoughts, emotions, and motivations through dialogue and soliloquies. Researchers have identified a unique "psychological signature" in his writing, marked by categorical thinking (analytic, formal) and thematic depth in emotions, family, and perception. Freud famously analyzed Hamlet as exhibiting an Oedipus complex—unresolved maternal attachment leading to paralysis—while Othello depicts jealousy escalating to rage, and Macbeth explores obsessive-compulsive guilt and ambition's toll. Characters like Richard III embody psychopathy, driven by hatred and trauma, analyzed through Freudian and Lacanian lenses for unconscious desires and inner conflicts. Soliloquies expose the psyche's gaps and silences, showing how intuition overrides reason, prefiguring modern psychology's dual-process theory. Plays like King Lear depict mental illness (e.g., madness from grief), offering insights into depression, post-traumatic stress, and human resilience. Overall, Shakespeare's intuitive grasp of the mind—nature vs. nurture, conscious vs. unconscious—has informed psychoanalysis and continues to expand understandings of mental health.
How Shakespeare Promoted His Own Work
Shakespeare promoted his work through performance and patronage rather than modern marketing. In 1594, he joined the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later King's Men), a prominent acting troupe that performed at court and built the Globe Theatre in 1599, drawing diverse crowds and ensuring wide exposure. His narrative poems, like Venus and Adonis (1593), became overnight best-sellers, reprinted multiple times and alluded to widely for their erotic appeal. Plays were not published by him personally—he focused on scripts for the stage—but some appeared in quarto editions during his life, boosting fame (e.g., Henry IV, Part 1 went through multiple printings). He cultivated relationships with patrons like the Earl of Southampton, dedicating works to them for financial support and prestige. By 1599, anecdotes circulated about him, and his talent drew crowds, making him a celebrity in London's theater scene. Word-of-mouth and repeat performances amplified his reach, with plays like Hamlet gaining rapid popularity through public acclaim.
The Posthumous Project: The First Folio and Its Editors
Seven years after Shakespeare's death in 1616, his colleagues compiled and published Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies—known as the First Folio—in 1623, preserving 36 plays, 18 of which (including Macbeth, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night) appeared in print for the first time, saving them from potential loss. This groundbreaking anthology, the first of its kind for dramatic works, was a tribute orchestrated by outstanding followers: actors John Heminges and Henry Condell, who edited and compiled from scripts, drafts, and promptbooks. Printed in folio format by William and Isaac Jaggard (with Edward Blount as a key bookseller), it included commendatory verses by Ben Jonson and others, dedicating it to the Earls of Pembroke and Montgomery.
Around 750 copies were produced between February 1622 and November 1623, entered in the Stationers' Register on November 8, 1623. Heminges and Condell urged readers to spread the word, framing it as a memorial to Shakespeare's "living art." The project reflected political undercurrents, like pro-Spanish alliances via contributors' ties, and solidified his legacy amid the "deafening silence" following his death—no immediate eulogies emerged until this volume. Today, about 233 copies survive, underscoring its enduring cultural value.
William Shakespeare: An Overview
William Shakespeare (1564–1616), often hailed as the Bard of Avon, was an English playwright, poet, and actor whose works have profoundly shaped human expression and thought. His canon includes 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and two long narrative poems, produced during the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. Shakespeare's inspiration drew from classical sources like Greek and Roman drama, contemporary events, folklore, and the human condition itself, blending tragedy, comedy, history, and romance to explore universal themes such as love, power, ambition, jealousy, and mortality.
Meaning and Inspiration in Shakespeare's Works
The core meaning of Shakespeare's oeuvre lies in its deep humanism: a Renaissance synthesis of Christianity, classicism, and inquiry into the self. He portrayed characters as complex beings driven by internal conflicts, societal pressures, and fate, emphasizing that human nature is neither wholly good nor evil but a blend subjected to scrutiny. His inspiration stemmed from diverse sources, including ancient texts (e.g., Ovid for Venus and Adonis, Plutarch for Julius Caesar), English history chronicles like Holinshed's, and the vibrant London theater scene. Shakespeare fused native English folk traditions with classical structures, innovating plot, language, and characterization to create timeless narratives. For instance, his tragedies often draw from Senecan revenge plays but infuse them with psychological depth, while comedies borrow from Italian commedia dell'arte yet add witty wordplay and social commentary.
Influence on Literature, Drama, Civilization, and Culture
Shakespeare's impact on literature is immeasurable; he coined or popularized around 1,700 words (e.g., "assassination," "bedazzled," "swagger") and phrases like "star-crossed lovers" that permeate modern English. He pioneered tropes such as tragic flaws, soliloquies for inner monologue, and genre-blending, influencing writers from Dickens to Faulkner and Stoppard. In drama, he elevated theater from elite entertainment to a populist art form, building the Globe Theatre and performing for diverse audiences, which democratized storytelling and inspired global stage traditions.
On civilization and culture, Shakespeare embodies Western values—adherence to tradition mixed with critical inquiry—while transcending them, with his works studied and performed in non-Western contexts like China and India. His plays have shaped moral and spiritual visions, influencing politics (e.g., leadership in Henry V), psychology, law, and popular culture, from films (The Lion King as Hamlet) to music and advertising. His brand persists in empire-building, education, and commerce, making him a cultural export that outlasted British colonialism. Globally, he remains the most performed playwright, fostering empathy and debate on human experiences.
Psychological Evaluation of Shakespeare's Works
Shakespeare's plays serve as early psychological case studies, revealing characters' hidden thoughts, emotions, and motivations through dialogue and soliloquies. Researchers have identified a unique "psychological signature" in his writing, marked by categorical thinking (analytic, formal) and thematic depth in emotions, family, and perception. Freud famously analyzed Hamlet as exhibiting an Oedipus complex—unresolved maternal attachment leading to paralysis—while Othello depicts jealousy escalating to rage, and Macbeth explores obsessive-compulsive guilt and ambition's toll. Characters like Richard III embody psychopathy, driven by hatred and trauma, analyzed through Freudian and Lacanian lenses for unconscious desires and inner conflicts. Soliloquies expose the psyche's gaps and silences, showing how intuition overrides reason, prefiguring modern psychology's dual-process theory. Plays like King Lear depict mental illness (e.g., madness from grief), offering insights into depression, post-traumatic stress, and human resilience. Overall, Shakespeare's intuitive grasp of the mind—nature vs. nurture, conscious vs. unconscious—has informed psychoanalysis and continues to expand understandings of mental health.
How Shakespeare Promoted His Own Work
Shakespeare promoted his work through performance and patronage rather than modern marketing. In 1594, he joined the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later King's Men), a prominent acting troupe that performed at court and built the Globe Theatre in 1599, drawing diverse crowds and ensuring wide exposure. His narrative poems, like Venus and Adonis (1593), became overnight best-sellers, reprinted multiple times and alluded to widely for their erotic appeal. Plays were not published by him personally—he focused on scripts for the stage—but some appeared in quarto editions during his life, boosting fame (e.g., Henry IV, Part 1 went through multiple printings). He cultivated relationships with patrons like the Earl of Southampton, dedicating works to them for financial support and prestige. By 1599, anecdotes circulated about him, and his talent drew crowds, making him a celebrity in London's theater scene. Word-of-mouth and repeat performances amplified his reach, with plays like Hamlet gaining rapid popularity through public acclaim.
The Posthumous Project: The First Folio and Its Editors
Seven years after Shakespeare's death in 1616, his colleagues compiled and published Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies—known as the First Folio—in 1623, preserving 36 plays, 18 of which (including Macbeth, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night) appeared in print for the first time, saving them from potential loss. This groundbreaking anthology, the first of its kind for dramatic works, was a tribute orchestrated by outstanding followers: actors John Heminges and Henry Condell, who edited and compiled from scripts, drafts, and promptbooks. Printed in folio format by William and Isaac Jaggard (with Edward Blount as a key bookseller), it included commendatory verses by Ben Jonson and others, dedicating it to the Earls of Pembroke and Montgomery.
Around 750 copies were produced between February 1622 and November 1623, entered in the Stationers' Register on November 8, 1623. Heminges and Condell urged readers to spread the word, framing it as a memorial to Shakespeare's "living art." The project reflected political undercurrents, like pro-Spanish alliances via contributors' ties, and solidified his legacy amid the "deafening silence" following his death—no immediate eulogies emerged until this volume. Today, about 233 copies survive, underscoring its enduring cultural value.
1
2020 SOLD for $ 10M by Christie's
The Globe Theatre is created in 1599. It is managed by the actors of the Lord Chamberlain's Men company in the form of a share capital. William Shakespeare has little stake in this business but he is the principal author of the plays which are performed there.
This man of the stage died in 1616 without having paid attention to the literary value of his own works. Half of his plays were unpublished. The others had been issued as poor quality booklets of which we can be assume that they were not verified by the author.
John Heminges and Henry Condell, who owned overall half of the shares of the Globe Theatre, judiciously decided to reconstruct with the best possible accuracy the whole of Shakespeare's dramatic work. They knew 36 plays of which 18 had never been published. They will have to buy back the publishing rights to some of them and to retrieve the partial manuscripts that had been entrusted to the actors to perform their own role.
The print is of the top luxury, in relation to the literary magnificence of the work. What would later be called the First Folio is a superb volume of 454 leaves 32 x 21 cm, printed in 1623 by Jaggard and Blount. It is forever used as the top reference for any Shakespearean scholarship.
The production run of the First Folio is estimated at around 750 copies. About 220 survive today. 56 are complete, of which only 5 are in private hands. All but six are from the third issue when the content was frozen and the error of a redundant page has been corrected.
Shakespeare is the greatest success in English literature and editions are multiplying. Garrick puts Shakespeare still higher in fashion and Edmond Malone devotes his life to the study of his work. Malone proposes in 1778 a chronology of the plays, observes the literary greatness of the First Folio and has a new edition published in 1790.
On October 14, 2020, Christie's sold a complete copy of the First Folio for $ 10M from a lower estimate of $ 4M, lot 12. In 1809 its owner had submitted it to Malone's appreciation just before having it bound. The expert's autograph letter is joined to the volume. Malone found it to be a fine, genuine copy of the First Folio. A few small repairs will be carried out according to his recommendations. This copy has retained the cleanliness observed by Malone more than 200 years ago.
This man of the stage died in 1616 without having paid attention to the literary value of his own works. Half of his plays were unpublished. The others had been issued as poor quality booklets of which we can be assume that they were not verified by the author.
John Heminges and Henry Condell, who owned overall half of the shares of the Globe Theatre, judiciously decided to reconstruct with the best possible accuracy the whole of Shakespeare's dramatic work. They knew 36 plays of which 18 had never been published. They will have to buy back the publishing rights to some of them and to retrieve the partial manuscripts that had been entrusted to the actors to perform their own role.
The print is of the top luxury, in relation to the literary magnificence of the work. What would later be called the First Folio is a superb volume of 454 leaves 32 x 21 cm, printed in 1623 by Jaggard and Blount. It is forever used as the top reference for any Shakespearean scholarship.
The production run of the First Folio is estimated at around 750 copies. About 220 survive today. 56 are complete, of which only 5 are in private hands. All but six are from the third issue when the content was frozen and the error of a redundant page has been corrected.
Shakespeare is the greatest success in English literature and editions are multiplying. Garrick puts Shakespeare still higher in fashion and Edmond Malone devotes his life to the study of his work. Malone proposes in 1778 a chronology of the plays, observes the literary greatness of the First Folio and has a new edition published in 1790.
On October 14, 2020, Christie's sold a complete copy of the First Folio for $ 10M from a lower estimate of $ 4M, lot 12. In 1809 its owner had submitted it to Malone's appreciation just before having it bound. The expert's autograph letter is joined to the volume. Malone found it to be a fine, genuine copy of the First Folio. A few small repairs will be carried out according to his recommendations. This copy has retained the cleanliness observed by Malone more than 200 years ago.
Only five complete copies of the 'First Folio' remain in private hands, and on 24 April in #NewYork, Christie’s will offer the first complete copy to come on the market in almost two decades during our #ExceptionalSale. https://t.co/orNUeX30H0 pic.twitter.com/k90SszIXD0
— Christie's (@ChristiesInc) February 25, 2020
2
2001 SOLD for $ 6.2M by Christie's
On October 8, 2001, Christie's sold a copy of the First Folio for $ 6.2M, lot 100. It is complete and is considered one of the two finest copies in private hands.
Happy birthday #WilliamShakespeare! Here's the #FirstFolio we sold in 2001: http://t.co/5AT12N7jFV #otd #rarebooks pic.twitter.com/jNbnSAuScH
— Christie's Books (@ChristiesBKS) April 23, 20151640 Bay Psalm Book
2013 SOLD for $ 14.2M by Sotheby's
The Puritans fleeing the England of the Stuarts built in Massachusetts Bay the communities that could meet their religious and social ideals. One of the villages, named Cambridge in 1638, specifically had a cultural vocation. Harvard College was founded there in 1636.
The singing of the psalms is a strong element of their liturgy, linking together the first parishioners of that region still in wilderness. Their scholars do not want to use the available British translations. Their new version in English verse takes the excuse of a need to be closer to the original Hebrew text. It was actually a remarkable collective work, and the first sign of their independence from the Church of England.
They now have to publish this text. In London, Josse Glover supports the project and in turn leaves to America in 1638. He did not reach it, but he was accompanied by Stephen Day (or Daye), a locksmith who will be the first printer in New England.
Currently known by the nickname Bay Psalm Book, The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into English Metre is printed by Day in 1640 in Cambridge and sold by the earliest bookseller of New England, Hezekiah Usher.
The original edition consisted of 1700 copies. For a century, the book was highly successful and often reprinted. Because of its liturgical use, most copies were damaged and destroyed.
The arrival at auction of a copy in good condition of the 1640 edition is an event of the utmost importance for American bibliophiles and patriots. In 1947, one of them went to be more expensive than the Old Testament of the Gutenberg Bible.
Another one is estimated $ 14.2M by Sotheby's on November 26, 2013. Please watch the video shared by Sotheby's. The seller is the Old South Church in Boston which keeps another copy in a similar condition.
The singing of the psalms is a strong element of their liturgy, linking together the first parishioners of that region still in wilderness. Their scholars do not want to use the available British translations. Their new version in English verse takes the excuse of a need to be closer to the original Hebrew text. It was actually a remarkable collective work, and the first sign of their independence from the Church of England.
They now have to publish this text. In London, Josse Glover supports the project and in turn leaves to America in 1638. He did not reach it, but he was accompanied by Stephen Day (or Daye), a locksmith who will be the first printer in New England.
Currently known by the nickname Bay Psalm Book, The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into English Metre is printed by Day in 1640 in Cambridge and sold by the earliest bookseller of New England, Hezekiah Usher.
The original edition consisted of 1700 copies. For a century, the book was highly successful and often reprinted. Because of its liturgical use, most copies were damaged and destroyed.
The arrival at auction of a copy in good condition of the 1640 edition is an event of the utmost importance for American bibliophiles and patriots. In 1947, one of them went to be more expensive than the Old Testament of the Gutenberg Bible.
Another one is estimated $ 14.2M by Sotheby's on November 26, 2013. Please watch the video shared by Sotheby's. The seller is the Old South Church in Boston which keeps another copy in a similar condition.
The Birds of America by AUDUBON
Intro
In 1807 two young Frenchmen open a general store in Louisville, Kentucky. Jean-Jacques Audubon cannot concentrate on his work. He is passionate about hunting and bird watching. He takes the US citizenship in 1812 and anglicizes his first name as John James.
He is early trained in taxidermy and performs one of the earliest attempts of bird ringing. His method is unprecedented. He kills his specimen with a shotgun and straightens it in a natural pose with a wire. Then he draws it life size, often with its female or its prey. He never draws from a stuffed bird.
Audubon goes bankrupt in 1819 and moves to Louisiana. Against the advice of his friends but with the support of his wife, he decides to publish his work. American learned societies repel this rustic man who had ridiculed the drawings by the ornithologist Alexander Wilson. In 1826, right in the romantic period, he arrives in England with his collection of watercolors.
The work to be done is colossal. He wants to maintain the 97 x 66 cm format of his drawing sheets. The plates should be colored one by one by hand. The only solution is the sale by subscription. The price will be two guineas per part of five plates.
This double elephant folio size is the largest format in period for an illustrated book : 100 x 67 cm. The gigantic size is matching the goal that John James Audubon managed for the great work of his life : he wanted all his birds being displayed in their natural habitat in life size, even by curving for that purpose in an elegant arabesque the neck of the flamingo.
No book has ever been printed in such a big size. He finds in Edinburgh in 1827 a printer, Lizars, to carry out the work. A first set of 10 plates, numbered from I to X, is prepared. There will be no additional part by Lizars, following a strike of the colorists. The business is now entrusted to Robert Havell Jr in London, until the 435th and final plate in 1838. A skilled engraver and printer unmatched in the aquatint, Havell manages to further improve the images.
The five volumes of texts are published separately in octavo format starting in 1831. The publication had spanned twelve years (1827-1838). Such a duration was not unusual at this time for ambitious books.
A census updated in 2006 lists 119 copies, 12 of them in private hands.
He is early trained in taxidermy and performs one of the earliest attempts of bird ringing. His method is unprecedented. He kills his specimen with a shotgun and straightens it in a natural pose with a wire. Then he draws it life size, often with its female or its prey. He never draws from a stuffed bird.
Audubon goes bankrupt in 1819 and moves to Louisiana. Against the advice of his friends but with the support of his wife, he decides to publish his work. American learned societies repel this rustic man who had ridiculed the drawings by the ornithologist Alexander Wilson. In 1826, right in the romantic period, he arrives in England with his collection of watercolors.
The work to be done is colossal. He wants to maintain the 97 x 66 cm format of his drawing sheets. The plates should be colored one by one by hand. The only solution is the sale by subscription. The price will be two guineas per part of five plates.
This double elephant folio size is the largest format in period for an illustrated book : 100 x 67 cm. The gigantic size is matching the goal that John James Audubon managed for the great work of his life : he wanted all his birds being displayed in their natural habitat in life size, even by curving for that purpose in an elegant arabesque the neck of the flamingo.
No book has ever been printed in such a big size. He finds in Edinburgh in 1827 a printer, Lizars, to carry out the work. A first set of 10 plates, numbered from I to X, is prepared. There will be no additional part by Lizars, following a strike of the colorists. The business is now entrusted to Robert Havell Jr in London, until the 435th and final plate in 1838. A skilled engraver and printer unmatched in the aquatint, Havell manages to further improve the images.
The five volumes of texts are published separately in octavo format starting in 1831. The publication had spanned twelve years (1827-1838). Such a duration was not unusual at this time for ambitious books.
A census updated in 2006 lists 119 copies, 12 of them in private hands.
1
1827-1838 subscription copy
2010 SOLD for £ 7.3M by Sotheby's
The eleventh subscriber in Audubon's ledger for the Birds of America was a paleobotanist from Edinburgh who was convinced of the value of the project during a wine party with the author.
The colors of that copy had remained remarkably fresh. In its original binding, it was sold for £ 7.3M from a lower estimate of £ 4M by Sotheby's on December 7, 2010, lot 50.
The colors of that copy had remained remarkably fresh. In its original binding, it was sold for £ 7.3M from a lower estimate of £ 4M by Sotheby's on December 7, 2010, lot 50.
2
1827-1838 subscription copy
2000 SOLD for $ 8.8M by Christie's
A copy from the original deliveries by subscription of The Birds of America was sold for $ 8.8M from a lower estimate of $ 3M by Christie's on March 10, 2000, lot 39. Its colors are remarkably fresh.
3
1827-1838 subscription copy
2019 SOLD for $ 6.6M by Sotheby's
A complete set of the Birds of America was sold by Sotheby's for £ 1.76M on June 21, 1990 and for $ 6.6M on December 18, 2019, lot 1. Please watch the video shared by the auction house. It is in very good condition despite the obscuring of some captions by the binding.
It was formed for the subscription of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, received by Audubon in April 1827. All ten first plates are engraved by Lizars without the later retouching by Havell.
It was formed for the subscription of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, received by Audubon in April 1827. All ten first plates are engraved by Lizars without the later retouching by Havell.
4
1832 loose sheets
2005 SOLD for $ 5.6M by Christie's
A subscription was ordered in 1832 as loose sheets by members of the recently incorporated Providence Athenaeum for the purpose of exhibition. The first exhibition was not profitable and the ownership was transferred in 1834 to the organization. The supply of the parts was not interrupted.
The set was later bound. A linen backing performed in 1929 started creating a deterioration by its glue. The plates were de-lined, dis-bound and slightly trimmed in the 1990s.
The full set was sold for $ 5.6M by Christie's on December 15, 2005, lot 1. No volume of text was included.
The set was later bound. A linen backing performed in 1929 started creating a deterioration by its glue. The plates were de-lined, dis-bound and slightly trimmed in the 1990s.
The full set was sold for $ 5.6M by Christie's on December 15, 2005, lot 1. No volume of text was included.
5
assembled in 1838
2018 SOLD for $ 9.7M by Christie's
At the end of the operation, Audubon's list has inscribed 161 subscribers. Its printers, Lizars and Havell, had planned it slightly wider, and it is likely that a few remaining copies have been assembled in volumes in 1838 for new customers while retaining the chronological order of publication.
The copy from the library of the Dukes of Portland is probably one of those assembled without subscription, and it remained in exceptionally fine condition. It is complete of its four volumes of plates and five octavo volumes of texts.
It may be considered like an original edition by the bibliophiles as most of the first plates are in first state, as evidenced by watermarks and through the variants in the legends. All the first ten plates are in the Lizars edition before a retouching by Havell.
It was sold by Christie's for $ 7.9M on January 20, 2012, lot 1, and for $ 9.7M on June 14, 2018, lot 1, as a charity to benefit the conservation of the natural environment.
The copy from the library of the Dukes of Portland is probably one of those assembled without subscription, and it remained in exceptionally fine condition. It is complete of its four volumes of plates and five octavo volumes of texts.
It may be considered like an original edition by the bibliophiles as most of the first plates are in first state, as evidenced by watermarks and through the variants in the legends. All the first ten plates are in the Lizars edition before a retouching by Havell.
It was sold by Christie's for $ 7.9M on January 20, 2012, lot 1, and for $ 9.7M on June 14, 2018, lot 1, as a charity to benefit the conservation of the natural environment.
The Portland #Audubon sold @ChristiesBKS yesterday for $9.65m (£7.3m) https://t.co/pJYO1dvSvR pic.twitter.com/cg87wWs7kI
— Liam Sims (@liamsims) June 15, 2018
LA friends, this weekend is your chance to see the monumental Portland Audubon up close and personal! Visit our Los Angeles galleries 26-28 April, 10am-6pm. More info here: https://t.co/0nZ4p13E2v pic.twitter.com/aYaQlTbrF5
— Christie's Books (@ChristiesBKS) April 25, 2018
