1951
See also : Abstract art Abstract art II UK II Rothko Early Rothko Pollock Giacometti 1947-53 Modern China Rockwell Children
1951 No. 7 by Rothko
2021 SOLD for $ 82M by Sotheby's
The greatest painters are mastering the rarest colors. Mark Rothko went to a full abstraction in 1950 after trying for a short period to explain his floating rectangular forms as the actors of a staged drama expressing the basic human feelings.
Rothko got himself rid of such hermetic interpretations. His new target that the viewer gets immersed in the artwork in a sort of ecstasy was sufficient to offer a high number of possible color combinations.
In 1950 he was still trying to add some elements, such as the three lines in the mid block of the opus No. 5/ No. 22. The maturity of his unprecedented style is reached in the same year when only the rectangular blocks and their interstices are remaining, in a justified formatting. The colors are meticulously applied with the brush in multiple paint layers that leave some variations inside the globally monochrome blocks and on their fringed edges.
The target was ambitious to mesmerize the viewer within a mere display of colors. The artist appreciated that this effect could be only obtained in large sizes, narrow and tall for matching the proportions of the standing human body.
No. 7, 1951, is one of the deepest demonstrators of the new theories. This oil on canvas 240 x 140 cm had been exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in New York as early as April 1951. Its saturated green, crimson and lavender do not differentiate in their contrast but constitute a warm and vibrant color composition.
This opus was sold for $ 82M from a lower estimate of $ 70M by Sotheby's on November 15, 2021, lot 10.
Rothko got himself rid of such hermetic interpretations. His new target that the viewer gets immersed in the artwork in a sort of ecstasy was sufficient to offer a high number of possible color combinations.
In 1950 he was still trying to add some elements, such as the three lines in the mid block of the opus No. 5/ No. 22. The maturity of his unprecedented style is reached in the same year when only the rectangular blocks and their interstices are remaining, in a justified formatting. The colors are meticulously applied with the brush in multiple paint layers that leave some variations inside the globally monochrome blocks and on their fringed edges.
The target was ambitious to mesmerize the viewer within a mere display of colors. The artist appreciated that this effect could be only obtained in large sizes, narrow and tall for matching the proportions of the standing human body.
No. 7, 1951, is one of the deepest demonstrators of the new theories. This oil on canvas 240 x 140 cm had been exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in New York as early as April 1951. Its saturated green, crimson and lavender do not differentiate in their contrast but constitute a warm and vibrant color composition.
This opus was sold for $ 82M from a lower estimate of $ 70M by Sotheby's on November 15, 2021, lot 10.
1951 Black Pouring by Pollock
2021 SOLD for $ 61M by Sotheby's
The signature style of Jackson Pollock was to express the rhythmic motion of his body while he poured paint on the floor. The successive use of many colors on a same support led to an impression that he expressed the rich soil of Long Island, just as Monet had done in Giverny.
This achievement must nevertheless consider that one of his basic inspirations had been the marks left in the sand by the dance of the Navajo Indians.
He was right in considering that his creativity owed as much to the dance than to colors. In 1951 he starts a series of monochrome paintings by pouring a saturated deep black liquid paint on the canvas again laid across the floor.
As a consequence the mingling of the colors was superseded by patterns of curves, dots and smears which could lead him back to the weird automatic figuration of his beginnings.
A typical example is the opus Number 5 of 1951, black oil paint 147 x 141 cm, sold for $ 11.4M by Christie's on May 13, 2014, lot 30, titled Elegant Lady by his gallerist.
Black and White Painting III, enamel on canvas 140 x 125 cm also painted in 1951, features a human form with stretched arms and is tentatively interpreted as a crucifixion. It was sold for $ 5.2M by Sotheby's on November 4, 2015, lot 38.
The opus 17 of the same year did not reach such an enigmatic figuration, remaining a pure expression of Pollock's wrist mingling thick intense lines and angel's hair. This black enamel on canvas 150 x 150 cm was sold for $ 61M from a lower estimate of $ 25M by Sotheby's on November 15, 2021, lot 11.
Despite the commercial failure of a first exhibition, Pollock persevered up to a total of 33 black paintings. Were they indeed more than a refined form of Rorschach blots ?
This achievement must nevertheless consider that one of his basic inspirations had been the marks left in the sand by the dance of the Navajo Indians.
He was right in considering that his creativity owed as much to the dance than to colors. In 1951 he starts a series of monochrome paintings by pouring a saturated deep black liquid paint on the canvas again laid across the floor.
As a consequence the mingling of the colors was superseded by patterns of curves, dots and smears which could lead him back to the weird automatic figuration of his beginnings.
A typical example is the opus Number 5 of 1951, black oil paint 147 x 141 cm, sold for $ 11.4M by Christie's on May 13, 2014, lot 30, titled Elegant Lady by his gallerist.
Black and White Painting III, enamel on canvas 140 x 125 cm also painted in 1951, features a human form with stretched arms and is tentatively interpreted as a crucifixion. It was sold for $ 5.2M by Sotheby's on November 4, 2015, lot 38.
The opus 17 of the same year did not reach such an enigmatic figuration, remaining a pure expression of Pollock's wrist mingling thick intense lines and angel's hair. This black enamel on canvas 150 x 150 cm was sold for $ 61M from a lower estimate of $ 25M by Sotheby's on November 15, 2021, lot 11.
Despite the commercial failure of a first exhibition, Pollock persevered up to a total of 33 black paintings. Were they indeed more than a refined form of Rorschach blots ?
1951 The Best Cover of the Saturday Evening Post
2013 SOLD 46 M$ including premium
The Second World War is over but it will not be the last war. American people wish to be comforted. Their favorite artist is not an intellectual of the big city but Norman Rockwell who since 1916 draws with humor the varied themes of everyday life for the covers of the Saturday Evening Post.
Rockwell's images are the result of a lengthy preparation in consultation with the editor. He imagines the action, finds photos that he cut and assembles, and performs sketches before the final oil on canvas.
On November 24, 1951, Thanksgiving Day, when the magazine publishes Saying Grace, its publishers are aware that it is the masterpiece of the artist. The accompanying text clearly indicates that this grandmother who prays with her five year old grandson expresses the best that life can bring to the Americans.
Rockwell has placed the group in a restaurant with tight tables, from a low point of view inviting the observer to feel that he is sitting at the next table. Two young men complete this family, watching with sympathy the two main characters.
Four years later, the Saturday Evening Post asked its readers to identify what was the best cover by Rockwell. They praised Saying Grace.
In 1953, the oil on canvas 109 x 104 cm was given by Rockwell to the art editor of the magazine, Kenneth Stuart. The artwork remained in the Stuart family. It is estimated $ 15M, for sale by Sotheby's in New York on December 4. Here is the link to the catalog.
POST SALE COMMENT
This image was considered sixty years ago as the masterpiece of Rockwell. It is still the case. The original oil painting was sold for $ 46M including premium.
The low resolution image below is shared by Wikimedia for fair use :
Rockwell's images are the result of a lengthy preparation in consultation with the editor. He imagines the action, finds photos that he cut and assembles, and performs sketches before the final oil on canvas.
On November 24, 1951, Thanksgiving Day, when the magazine publishes Saying Grace, its publishers are aware that it is the masterpiece of the artist. The accompanying text clearly indicates that this grandmother who prays with her five year old grandson expresses the best that life can bring to the Americans.
Rockwell has placed the group in a restaurant with tight tables, from a low point of view inviting the observer to feel that he is sitting at the next table. Two young men complete this family, watching with sympathy the two main characters.
Four years later, the Saturday Evening Post asked its readers to identify what was the best cover by Rockwell. They praised Saying Grace.
In 1953, the oil on canvas 109 x 104 cm was given by Rockwell to the art editor of the magazine, Kenneth Stuart. The artwork remained in the Stuart family. It is estimated $ 15M, for sale by Sotheby's in New York on December 4. Here is the link to the catalog.
POST SALE COMMENT
This image was considered sixty years ago as the masterpiece of Rockwell. It is still the case. The original oil painting was sold for $ 46M including premium.
The low resolution image below is shared by Wikimedia for fair use :
1951 The Dramatic Painting of Mark Rothko
2014 SOLD for $ 45M including premium
Mark Rothko considers the artistic creation as if it were a mythological tragedy, with a dramatic vision that joins the still lifes by Cézanne. In 1949, he suddenly finds his way by observing color studies by Matisse. He brings a symmetry of shapes that exacerbates the struggle for influence between the colors.
On November 11 in New York, Sotheby's sells Number 21, 1951, a painting in red, brown, black and orange, lot 17.
This oil on canvas 242 x 163 cm is one of the last from the time when Rothko was still working at home. The orange and red areas are lavishly shaded at the top and bottom of the image. The darker center that grows up to the top at the edges is enclosing the spread of the glow.
In the following year, Rothko finally settles in a real artist's studio. He can then indulge more freely in his quest of the sublime. He becomes more demanding, especially on the lighting conditions in the exhibitions that should participate in subduing the viewer. His trend is now toward larger canvas with a further minimalism of the colored rectangles.
On November 11 in New York, Sotheby's sells Number 21, 1951, a painting in red, brown, black and orange, lot 17.
This oil on canvas 242 x 163 cm is one of the last from the time when Rothko was still working at home. The orange and red areas are lavishly shaded at the top and bottom of the image. The darker center that grows up to the top at the edges is enclosing the spread of the glow.
In the following year, Rothko finally settles in a real artist's studio. He can then indulge more freely in his quest of the sublime. He becomes more demanding, especially on the lighting conditions in the exhibitions that should participate in subduing the viewer. His trend is now toward larger canvas with a further minimalism of the colored rectangles.
1951 Brawl of Colors on Pollock's Canvas
2012 SOLD 40 M$ including premium
Entitled Number 4, 1951, the painting for sale on November 13 by Sotheby's in New York is a great demonstration of the most brilliant works by Jackson Pollock, with a variety of exciting colors that is not frequently the most visible feature for this artist .
Three techniques are brought together to create harmony within this small canvas, 77 x 64 cm, impregnated with aluminum paint.
Created by dripping, fine lines of different colors are seeking to exchange a message defaced by their complexity, in the tradition of the automatic writing of Dada. Five very shiny and pure colors, red, blue, yellow, green and ochre, compete to dominate that field without worrying about the lines. Black enamel spots are trying to maintain some balance in this fight.
Pollock has developed an entirely new technique of creation by which the progressing work guides the artist in a lengthy process which is achieved when the artist can not imagine a further improvement of harmony.
Directly by the disclosure of his act, indirectly by the obtained result, the work of Pollock had a considerable influence on the art of the second half of the twentieth century. The further step in the Abstraktes Bild by Richter will be to no longer need that first drawing which Pollock and Klein were hiding or blurring.
As we know, the frenzy of Pollock ruined his health. The first owner of Number 4, 1951, was the psychoanalyst who was trying to help him against alcoholism.
This painting is estimated $ 25M. Here is the link to the catalog.
POST SALE COMMENT
This Pollock painting was sold $ 40M including premium. While it is not the top price of this sale which rewarded Rothko at $ 75M, and considering its small size, it is one of the most important works of abstract expressionism ever presented at auction.
Three techniques are brought together to create harmony within this small canvas, 77 x 64 cm, impregnated with aluminum paint.
Created by dripping, fine lines of different colors are seeking to exchange a message defaced by their complexity, in the tradition of the automatic writing of Dada. Five very shiny and pure colors, red, blue, yellow, green and ochre, compete to dominate that field without worrying about the lines. Black enamel spots are trying to maintain some balance in this fight.
Pollock has developed an entirely new technique of creation by which the progressing work guides the artist in a lengthy process which is achieved when the artist can not imagine a further improvement of harmony.
Directly by the disclosure of his act, indirectly by the obtained result, the work of Pollock had a considerable influence on the art of the second half of the twentieth century. The further step in the Abstraktes Bild by Richter will be to no longer need that first drawing which Pollock and Klein were hiding or blurring.
As we know, the frenzy of Pollock ruined his health. The first owner of Number 4, 1951, was the psychoanalyst who was trying to help him against alcoholism.
This painting is estimated $ 25M. Here is the link to the catalog.
POST SALE COMMENT
This Pollock painting was sold $ 40M including premium. While it is not the top price of this sale which rewarded Rothko at $ 75M, and considering its small size, it is one of the most important works of abstract expressionism ever presented at auction.
1951 The Good Farmer of Xu Beihong
2011 SOLD 266 M RMB yuan including premium
Market researches made by Artprice for 2010 showed that four Chinese artists of the twentieth century are among the top ten in terms of turnover at auction, including Beijing sales. They are Qi Baishi, Zhang Daqian, Xu Beihong and Fu Baoshi.
Xu had studied in Paris and the French market offers sometimes his drawings of horses or other animals with expressive positions. Like Zhang, he would place his realistic art under the double influence of Chinese tradition and worldwide modernism.
The highlight of the autumn sales made in Beijing by Poly is an ink and colors on paper made by Xu in 1951, appearing in the evening session of December 5.
This work of exceptional size, 150 x 250 cm, is on the theme of the farmer and his plow pulled by a buffalo. The scene also includes two other field workers, a large tree and a text inspired by a poem of the Northern Song Dynasty.
This painting executed during the Korean War is political: it wants to show the farm work as a symbol of peace while reminding that it is necessary to feed the army. It had been offered to Guo Moruo (Kuo Mo-jo), then chairman of the Chinese section of the Peace Council.
It may be significant to draw a parallel between this work and the Eagle of Qi Baishi, sold 425 million RMB yuan including premium on May 22 by China Guardian in Beijing, which was a political tribute to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek).
POST SALE COMMENT
This work had all the qualities for a very high price. It is done and that's a great result: RMB 266 million yuan including premium.
This artwork is illustrated on the post shared after sale by Art Market Monitor.
Xu had studied in Paris and the French market offers sometimes his drawings of horses or other animals with expressive positions. Like Zhang, he would place his realistic art under the double influence of Chinese tradition and worldwide modernism.
The highlight of the autumn sales made in Beijing by Poly is an ink and colors on paper made by Xu in 1951, appearing in the evening session of December 5.
This work of exceptional size, 150 x 250 cm, is on the theme of the farmer and his plow pulled by a buffalo. The scene also includes two other field workers, a large tree and a text inspired by a poem of the Northern Song Dynasty.
This painting executed during the Korean War is political: it wants to show the farm work as a symbol of peace while reminding that it is necessary to feed the army. It had been offered to Guo Moruo (Kuo Mo-jo), then chairman of the Chinese section of the Peace Council.
It may be significant to draw a parallel between this work and the Eagle of Qi Baishi, sold 425 million RMB yuan including premium on May 22 by China Guardian in Beijing, which was a political tribute to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek).
POST SALE COMMENT
This work had all the qualities for a very high price. It is done and that's a great result: RMB 266 million yuan including premium.
This artwork is illustrated on the post shared after sale by Art Market Monitor.
1951 The Space of the Reclining Woman
2016 SOLD for £ 24.7M including premium
The horrifying shock of the Second World War marks a point of no return in history. Society and art must be rebuilt with new solutions freed from the references to the past.
In 1949 the United Kingdom wants to demonstrate its ability to restart through a Festival of Britain to be held in London in 1951. A monumental sculpture is commissioned to Henry Moore whose art appears in due course as daring and in rupture. The artist takes very seriously that invitation to create a masterpiece and all the development of this project is filmed by a cameraman.
By simplifying the shapes, Brancusi had left assimilating his sculpture to Cubism. The painters had tried to blend human figure, landscape and still life into a kind of abstraction that did not dare to admit this qualification. They had color. Moore as a sculptor uses the hollow.
Moore recognized as one of his major achievements the Reclining figure of the 1951 festival. The female form is recognizable. She is reclining on her back and begins some lifting on her forearms. Her legs have a realistic position but the belly is reduced to a frame. She is no more a woman but a harmony between material and space.
From the original plasterwork, this park monument 2.30 m long with an aesthetic highly innovative for its time was edited in bronze in five copies plus one artist's proof. One of these bronzes was sold for £ 19M including premium by Christie's in London on 7 February 2012. Another copy with a similar dark brown patina is awaited in the same auction room on June 30. It is estimated £ 15M, lot 8.
Please watch the video shared by Christie's.
In 1949 the United Kingdom wants to demonstrate its ability to restart through a Festival of Britain to be held in London in 1951. A monumental sculpture is commissioned to Henry Moore whose art appears in due course as daring and in rupture. The artist takes very seriously that invitation to create a masterpiece and all the development of this project is filmed by a cameraman.
By simplifying the shapes, Brancusi had left assimilating his sculpture to Cubism. The painters had tried to blend human figure, landscape and still life into a kind of abstraction that did not dare to admit this qualification. They had color. Moore as a sculptor uses the hollow.
Moore recognized as one of his major achievements the Reclining figure of the 1951 festival. The female form is recognizable. She is reclining on her back and begins some lifting on her forearms. Her legs have a realistic position but the belly is reduced to a frame. She is no more a woman but a harmony between material and space.
From the original plasterwork, this park monument 2.30 m long with an aesthetic highly innovative for its time was edited in bronze in five copies plus one artist's proof. One of these bronzes was sold for £ 19M including premium by Christie's in London on 7 February 2012. Another copy with a similar dark brown patina is awaited in the same auction room on June 30. It is estimated £ 15M, lot 8.
Please watch the video shared by Christie's.
1951 Waiting for Moore
2012 SOLD 19 M£ including premium
Henry Moore is in high demand in 1951. His sculptures of stylized human figures are both monumental enough and sufficiently neutral to fit into the urban spaces of postwar reconstruction.
Reclining Figure / Festival was commissioned for the Festival of Britain. Six bronzes were edited including an artist's proof. One of them is estimated £ 3.5 million, for sale by Christie's in London on February 7. It is large: 2.45 m long. Here is the link to the catalog.
These reclining figures are the favorite theme of the artist. The character is waiting, like Beckett at the same time was waiting for Godot. The expert from Christie's considers that two interpretations are possible: anxiety or strength. Let me express an opinion.
The straight head and the body firmly positioned on the forearms are rather suggesting hope, or a wish to get up, and are well suited for the optimism required for a national festival. This figure is in the reverted position to that of the dying warrior which will soon after be introduced into Moore's themes.
However the question is valid and also applies to the masterpieces made by Alberto Giacometti at the same time. Both artists had been attracted by the hermetic language of surrealism. They will however have a divergent evolution. Giacometti will remain expressive while Moore, dislocating the form into two or three pieces, will become increasingly more abstract.
POST SALE COMMENT
The monumental nature of this work and its key position in the evolution of Moore's art made it reach an exceptional price: £ 19M including premium.
Reclining Figure / Festival was commissioned for the Festival of Britain. Six bronzes were edited including an artist's proof. One of them is estimated £ 3.5 million, for sale by Christie's in London on February 7. It is large: 2.45 m long. Here is the link to the catalog.
These reclining figures are the favorite theme of the artist. The character is waiting, like Beckett at the same time was waiting for Godot. The expert from Christie's considers that two interpretations are possible: anxiety or strength. Let me express an opinion.
The straight head and the body firmly positioned on the forearms are rather suggesting hope, or a wish to get up, and are well suited for the optimism required for a national festival. This figure is in the reverted position to that of the dying warrior which will soon after be introduced into Moore's themes.
However the question is valid and also applies to the masterpieces made by Alberto Giacometti at the same time. Both artists had been attracted by the hermetic language of surrealism. They will however have a divergent evolution. Giacometti will remain expressive while Moore, dislocating the form into two or three pieces, will become increasingly more abstract.
POST SALE COMMENT
The monumental nature of this work and its key position in the evolution of Moore's art made it reach an exceptional price: £ 19M including premium.
1951 The Wrestling of Pollock with his Art
2012 SOLD 23 M$ including premium
PRE SALE DISCUSSION
Jackson Pollock was totally immersed in his art. The canvas stretched on the ground becomes his universe. Heendlessly covers it with the streams of his paints, matted and spread by mechanical gestures that ultimately escape his own conscience.
Like all great artists, he wants to express his view of the world. His work is figurative, but the layers go to make it unreadable. Curiously, Klein will have a similar approach with his blue monochromes a few years later. Only the authorcan preserve the memory of this vanishing figuration.
In 1948, Pollock stops giving titles to his works, now designated by numbers. One of his largest boards, Number 5,1948, 2.4 x 1.2 m, reached $ 140M in a private sale in 2006. It was then the highest price ever paid for a work of art.
After various experiments, the artist returned to his 1948 style at the fall of 1951. His now thicker materials,deposited with syringes, become flesh. Number 28, 1951, painted on a large canvas 77 x 137 cm, in black and graywith white, red and yellow lines, is a masterpiece of this period.
Number 28 is estimated $ 20M, for sale on May 8 by Christie's in New York. Here is the link to the catalog.
POST SALE COMMENT
The evening was so successful, with a total of $ 388M including premium, that we may be almost disappointed that the Pollock remained around its lower estimate. It was sold $ 23M including premium.
Jackson Pollock was totally immersed in his art. The canvas stretched on the ground becomes his universe. Heendlessly covers it with the streams of his paints, matted and spread by mechanical gestures that ultimately escape his own conscience.
Like all great artists, he wants to express his view of the world. His work is figurative, but the layers go to make it unreadable. Curiously, Klein will have a similar approach with his blue monochromes a few years later. Only the authorcan preserve the memory of this vanishing figuration.
In 1948, Pollock stops giving titles to his works, now designated by numbers. One of his largest boards, Number 5,1948, 2.4 x 1.2 m, reached $ 140M in a private sale in 2006. It was then the highest price ever paid for a work of art.
After various experiments, the artist returned to his 1948 style at the fall of 1951. His now thicker materials,deposited with syringes, become flesh. Number 28, 1951, painted on a large canvas 77 x 137 cm, in black and graywith white, red and yellow lines, is a masterpiece of this period.
Number 28 is estimated $ 20M, for sale on May 8 by Christie's in New York. Here is the link to the catalog.
POST SALE COMMENT
The evening was so successful, with a total of $ 388M including premium, that we may be almost disappointed that the Pollock remained around its lower estimate. It was sold $ 23M including premium.
1951 L'Homme qui Chavire by Giacometti
2009 SOLD for $ 19.3M by Sotheby's
The bronze edition of L'Homme qui chavire by Giacometti was prepared in 1950 in small size, 59 cm high including the base. It was cast in six copies by Alexis Rudier fondeur. The 2/6, sold by Christie's in 2007, is dated 1950.
The bronze 5/6 by Alexis Rudier fondeur, dated 1951, was sold by Sotheby's on November 4, 2009 for $ 19.3M from a lower estimate of $ 8M, lot 10. It is the only painted copy from that edition.
The 6/6 from 1951 was sold for £ 13.7M by Christie's in London on June 30, 2021, lot 11. It has a dark brown patina.
The bronze 5/6 by Alexis Rudier fondeur, dated 1951, was sold by Sotheby's on November 4, 2009 for $ 19.3M from a lower estimate of $ 8M, lot 10. It is the only painted copy from that edition.
The 6/6 from 1951 was sold for £ 13.7M by Christie's in London on June 30, 2021, lot 11. It has a dark brown patina.
