Georges SEURAT (1859-1891)
Except otherwise stated, all results include the premium.
See also : Top 10 The Woman Nude France
Chronology : 19th century 1880-1889 1882 1884 1885 1888
See also : Top 10 The Woman Nude France
Chronology : 19th century 1880-1889 1882 1884 1885 1888
1882 Femme tenant un Bouquet
2014 SOLD for $ 5.3M by Sotheby's
Georges Seurat was a prolific draughtsman and a scarce painter. Paraphrasing Hokusai, Gustave Kahn significantly named his friend "the young man mad about drawing".
He rubs a black Conté graphite crayon on papier Michallet, varying the pressure to obtainthe whole scale of grays. Surfaces left blank provide a contrast in brightness with the rest of the image. The Michallet paper is a coarse-grained variation from the Ingres paper which had been designed to provide a good adhesion to charcoal.
As in his paintings, the observer must take away from the sheet for appreciating the details of the work. The composition, often in close-up, is made of large shadowy masses.
In 1883, Seurat's very first participation in the Salon was a portrait of Aman-Jean executed in that technique. The brightness of the shirt collar makes forget that no lines are delimiting the figure in the half-light.
Drawn in the same experimental phase around 1882, a Lady Holding a Bouquet, Conté crayon on Michallet paper 31 x 24 cm, was sold by Sotheby's on November 10, 2014 for $ 5.3M from a lower estimate of $ 2M, lot 8. The image is shared by Wikimedia. The faceless standing silhouette with a fashionable hat is backlit against an illuminated doorway.
It thus appears that Seurat in his mid twenties had been the inventor of impressionist drawing before being the pioneer of post-impressionism. His famous practice of divisionism for the illusion of colors in a painting is indeed a consequence of his experiments about contrasts in black and white drawings.
He rubs a black Conté graphite crayon on papier Michallet, varying the pressure to obtainthe whole scale of grays. Surfaces left blank provide a contrast in brightness with the rest of the image. The Michallet paper is a coarse-grained variation from the Ingres paper which had been designed to provide a good adhesion to charcoal.
As in his paintings, the observer must take away from the sheet for appreciating the details of the work. The composition, often in close-up, is made of large shadowy masses.
In 1883, Seurat's very first participation in the Salon was a portrait of Aman-Jean executed in that technique. The brightness of the shirt collar makes forget that no lines are delimiting the figure in the half-light.
Drawn in the same experimental phase around 1882, a Lady Holding a Bouquet, Conté crayon on Michallet paper 31 x 24 cm, was sold by Sotheby's on November 10, 2014 for $ 5.3M from a lower estimate of $ 2M, lot 8. The image is shared by Wikimedia. The faceless standing silhouette with a fashionable hat is backlit against an illuminated doorway.
It thus appears that Seurat in his mid twenties had been the inventor of impressionist drawing before being the pioneer of post-impressionism. His famous practice of divisionism for the illusion of colors in a painting is indeed a consequence of his experiments about contrasts in black and white drawings.
Une Baignade à Asnières
Intro
Georges Seurat was one of the most prolific researchers and experimenters of modern art. The graphic arts had been shaken by the new vision of the world brought by photography, transforming forever the realism. By positive reaction, before him, the Impressionists promoted the color in place of the line.
He seeks to define a new painting technique that will support his anti-bourgeois ideal. The composition is based on the balance of proportions. Fascinated by the color theories, Seurat invents the pointillism. The perceived colors are not those of his palette but a reconstruction of the spectrum by the opposition of the complementary.
He wants his demonstrations to be perfect. His achieved paintings are very rare. The very long preparation phases include drawings and oil sketches. In 1884 he exhibits at the Salon des Indépendants his first major work, Une Baignade à Asnières, oil on canvas 2 x 3 m.
He seeks to define a new painting technique that will support his anti-bourgeois ideal. The composition is based on the balance of proportions. Fascinated by the color theories, Seurat invents the pointillism. The perceived colors are not those of his palette but a reconstruction of the spectrum by the opposition of the complementary.
He wants his demonstrations to be perfect. His achieved paintings are very rare. The very long preparation phases include drawings and oil sketches. In 1884 he exhibits at the Salon des Indépendants his first major work, Une Baignade à Asnières, oil on canvas 2 x 3 m.
1
1883-1884 Study for a Bather
2015 SOLD for £ 7.8M by Sotheby's
Georges Seurat was a great experimenter of the artistic language and the first post-impressionist. During his short career, he produced six great paintings, beginning with La Baignade à Asnières (Bathers at Asnières) in 1884.
As Constable, Seurat built his composition in successive stages, with many preparatory drawings and paintings. He was the most innovative draughtsman of his time, mixing the subject and the background by blurring the edges. Like the Impressionists, he removes the line while strictly maintaining shapes, proportions and perspectives.
On February 3, 2015, Sotheby's sold at lot 13 for £ 7.8M from a lower estimate of £ 5M a drawing for the nude of a young boy which is one of the earliest studies for La Baignade. This drawing in conté pencil on paper, 32 x 24 cm, may have been executed as early as 1883.
The boy is viewed in profile with a detailed anatomy. His attitude of cry for echo was kept unchanged in the full size version where he is the bather in the foreground with shorts. The drawing offered a chiaroscuro effect that has not been used in the painting.
As Constable, Seurat built his composition in successive stages, with many preparatory drawings and paintings. He was the most innovative draughtsman of his time, mixing the subject and the background by blurring the edges. Like the Impressionists, he removes the line while strictly maintaining shapes, proportions and perspectives.
On February 3, 2015, Sotheby's sold at lot 13 for £ 7.8M from a lower estimate of £ 5M a drawing for the nude of a young boy which is one of the earliest studies for La Baignade. This drawing in conté pencil on paper, 32 x 24 cm, may have been executed as early as 1883.
The boy is viewed in profile with a detailed anatomy. His attitude of cry for echo was kept unchanged in the full size version where he is the bather in the foreground with shorts. The drawing offered a chiaroscuro effect that has not been used in the painting.
Record for a work on paper by #Seurat: study for @Nationalgallery’s iconic ‘Une baignade, Asnières’ sells for £7.8m pic.twitter.com/jGAMQtKJ0Z
— Sotheby's (@Sothebys) February 3, 2015
1 bis
masterpiece
1884
National Gallery
The image is shared by Wikimedia.
La Grande Jatte
Intro
After Une Baignade à Asnières, Seurat immediately begins another project, on the same social theme of the aberrant life of the bourgeois. He chooses a green corner by the Seine in the leisure park on the island of La Grande Jatte, on the border between Neuilly and Levallois.
Three oil sketches on canvas are started in parallel in May 1884. One of them is a Paysage empty of any character, 65 x 79 cm, on which he sets up the theoretical elements of its composition. The second is a full version 70 x 104 cm, scaled as one third of the size of the final work. The other sketch is a study for the couple in the foreground.
While working in his studio on the improvement of these 3 larger compositions, Seurat executed in situ 28 preparatory small sketches in oil on wooden boards that he used to call croquetons, a word of his own derived from croquis. He also executed 28 drawings for the same purpose. In that period of six months beginning in May 1884, he worked daily full time in the park when weather allowed it.
Three oil sketches on canvas are started in parallel in May 1884. One of them is a Paysage empty of any character, 65 x 79 cm, on which he sets up the theoretical elements of its composition. The second is a full version 70 x 104 cm, scaled as one third of the size of the final work. The other sketch is a study for the couple in the foreground.
While working in his studio on the improvement of these 3 larger compositions, Seurat executed in situ 28 preparatory small sketches in oil on wooden boards that he used to call croquetons, a word of his own derived from croquis. He also executed 28 drawings for the same purpose. In that period of six months beginning in May 1884, he worked daily full time in the park when weather allowed it.
1
1884 Paysage (canvas)
1999 SOLD for $ 35M by Sotheby's
The preparatory Paysage reworked throughout a period of six months from May 1884 was sold for $ 35M by Sotheby's on May 10, 1999, in the sale of the Whitney collection. It is illustrated by Sotheby's in a list of The Most iconic Impressionist Artworks sold by them. The image is shared by Wikimedia.
2
1884 Le Saint-Cyrien (croqueton)
2021 SOLD for $ 4.35M by Christie's
Le Saint-Cyrien is a small croqueton for testing the confrontation of colors in the pointillist technique. The tall man is straight standing at mid distance within the otherwise unpopulated park. The Saint-Cyrien is one of the in-period symbols of the bourgeoisie. Two of them will appear in the final version.
This cadet of the elite Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr is highly identifiable for the silhouette of the uniform, the dark blue tunic and the scarlet trousers. His epaulettes are each figured by a scarlet dot. Another red dot adorns the shako and a touch of gold defines the belt.
This oil on panel 15 x 25 cm was given to Cross by the mother of the late artist. It was later owned by Fénéon, the early supporter of Seurat who had coined the designation of néo-impressionnisme in 1886 for the new style. It was sold for $ 4.35M from a lower estimate of $ 2.5M by Christie's on May 13, 2021, lot 5B. The image is shared by Wikimedia.
This cadet of the elite Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr is highly identifiable for the silhouette of the uniform, the dark blue tunic and the scarlet trousers. His epaulettes are each figured by a scarlet dot. Another red dot adorns the shako and a touch of gold defines the belt.
This oil on panel 15 x 25 cm was given to Cross by the mother of the late artist. It was later owned by Fénéon, the early supporter of Seurat who had coined the designation of néo-impressionnisme in 1886 for the new style. It was sold for $ 4.35M from a lower estimate of $ 2.5M by Christie's on May 13, 2021, lot 5B. The image is shared by Wikimedia.
3
1884 Paysage et Personnages, La Jupe Rose (croqueton)
2021 SOLD for $ 13.2M by Christie's
Paysage et personnages, also painted in 1884, is another croqueton of same format, technique and purpose as the Saint-Cyrien narrated here above.
Its sub-title La Jupe rose defines its main subject. In a populated surrounding, the image is exactly centered on a standing woman who will be the serene mother of a young girl at the same position in the final version.
Her rose skirt is an interlacing of dots in a complex brushwork, for testing the color theories of the chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul. Its hues include pinks from pale to deep as well as streaks of yellow, blue and lavender. In a mere single square centimeter, the composition of her hat mingles bright green, pink and orange, generating a light brown tone. The rest of the image is more sketched.
In 1886 La Jupe rose was one of 12 studies exhibited in New York beside the final version. It was sold for $ 13.2M from a lower estimate of $ 6M by Christie's on May 13, 2021, lot 4B, the lot immediately preceding the Saint-Cyrien. The pair had been united by a collector in the 1920s.
The image is shared by Wikimedia.
Its sub-title La Jupe rose defines its main subject. In a populated surrounding, the image is exactly centered on a standing woman who will be the serene mother of a young girl at the same position in the final version.
Her rose skirt is an interlacing of dots in a complex brushwork, for testing the color theories of the chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul. Its hues include pinks from pale to deep as well as streaks of yellow, blue and lavender. In a mere single square centimeter, the composition of her hat mingles bright green, pink and orange, generating a light brown tone. The rest of the image is more sketched.
In 1886 La Jupe rose was one of 12 studies exhibited in New York beside the final version. It was sold for $ 13.2M from a lower estimate of $ 6M by Christie's on May 13, 2021, lot 4B, the lot immediately preceding the Saint-Cyrien. The pair had been united by a collector in the 1920s.
The image is shared by Wikimedia.
4
1884-1885 Paysage, Homme assis (croqueton)
2022 SOLD for $ 4.1M by Christie's
Unlike the Bathing in Asnières, the resulting colors on the Grande Jatte are dull, with too much space provided to the shadows in the foreground. Signac will succeed in convincing Seurat that brightest lights bring a much better effect to the divisionist technique.
Indeed a croqueton made in 1884-1885 in the standardized format of that series is a trial for brighter colors in much larger monochromatic dots, not in accordance with the tones and brush strokes of the final version. It was obviously too late for replaying the whole development process.
This Paysage subtitled Homme assis was sold for $ 4.1M from a lower estimate of $ 2M by Christie's on May 12, 2022, lot 48C.
One further year was spent to achieve the final version.
Indeed a croqueton made in 1884-1885 in the standardized format of that series is a trial for brighter colors in much larger monochromatic dots, not in accordance with the tones and brush strokes of the final version. It was obviously too late for replaying the whole development process.
This Paysage subtitled Homme assis was sold for $ 4.1M from a lower estimate of $ 2M by Christie's on May 12, 2022, lot 48C.
One further year was spent to achieve the final version.
masterpiece
1886 Un Dimanche après-midi à l'île de la Grande Jatte
Art Institute of Chicago
The image is shared by Wikimedia;
1885 La Rade de Grandcamp
2018 SOLD for $ 34M by Christie's
Georges Seurat wants his art to be for social criticism. He blames the Impressionist techniques for being emotional and not strict enough. He begins in 1884 a demonstration painting in very large size 208 x 308 cm : Un dimanche après-midi à l'Ile de la Grande Jatte.
Everything is important but everything is mingled. An image with rising lines and warm colors will look optimistic. The Grande Jatte will have to be chilling, with an invading shadow in the foreground and stiff figures symbolizing the aberrations of the bourgeoisie.
The young artist is receptive to ideas about the balance of colors. Chevreul's psychophysiological observations that the vision of a pure color is accompanied by the perception of a halo of its complementary color convince him that the composition of the colors of a painting must not slavishly follow the nature.
Seurat spends the summer 1885 at the seaside, in Grandcamp, on the advice of Signac who also invites him to take an interest in intense lights. Seurat then tests with marine views his interpretation of Chevreul's theories, developing his new technique of dividing colors by horizontal brush strokes that will soon become dots. He names that practice the chromo-luminarisme.
On May 8, 2018, Christie's sold as lot 18 for $ 34M La Rade de Grandcamp, oil on canvas 65 x 81 cm on the rather happy theme of a regatta of horizontally aligned white sails.
The achievement of the Grandcamp series pleases him. Back in his studio, he retouches the Grande Jatte by reducing chromatic variations and by introducing the pointillism. When this work is completed in 1886, it triggers the inevitable break with the Impressionnistes. Only Fénéon is convinced. In 1887 Fénéon coins the neo-Impressionist wording to try showing that Seurat's art is not an opposition to Impressionism but another step on the path to a new art.
Passionate about his theories, Seurat retouched his artworks. Rade de Grandcamp is perhaps the only example left in its original state from his very first experiences in complementary color techniques.
Everything is important but everything is mingled. An image with rising lines and warm colors will look optimistic. The Grande Jatte will have to be chilling, with an invading shadow in the foreground and stiff figures symbolizing the aberrations of the bourgeoisie.
The young artist is receptive to ideas about the balance of colors. Chevreul's psychophysiological observations that the vision of a pure color is accompanied by the perception of a halo of its complementary color convince him that the composition of the colors of a painting must not slavishly follow the nature.
Seurat spends the summer 1885 at the seaside, in Grandcamp, on the advice of Signac who also invites him to take an interest in intense lights. Seurat then tests with marine views his interpretation of Chevreul's theories, developing his new technique of dividing colors by horizontal brush strokes that will soon become dots. He names that practice the chromo-luminarisme.
On May 8, 2018, Christie's sold as lot 18 for $ 34M La Rade de Grandcamp, oil on canvas 65 x 81 cm on the rather happy theme of a regatta of horizontally aligned white sails.
The achievement of the Grandcamp series pleases him. Back in his studio, he retouches the Grande Jatte by reducing chromatic variations and by introducing the pointillism. When this work is completed in 1886, it triggers the inevitable break with the Impressionnistes. Only Fénéon is convinced. In 1887 Fénéon coins the neo-Impressionist wording to try showing that Seurat's art is not an opposition to Impressionism but another step on the path to a new art.
Passionate about his theories, Seurat retouched his artworks. Rade de Grandcamp is perhaps the only example left in its original state from his very first experiences in complementary color techniques.
#AuctionUpdate Georges Seurat’s ‘La rade de Grandcamp (Le port de Grandcamp)’ auctions for $34,062,500. https://t.co/Dvt3rbsVQ1 pic.twitter.com/2OZswikdNo
— Christie's (@ChristiesInc) May 9, 2018
1888 Les Poseuses
2022 SOLD for $ 150M by Christie's
Georges Seurat managed his career as a continuous series of breakthroughs. A few large scale masterpieces preceded by many studies in paintings and drawings were viewed by him as a fight against the establishment. He dubbed them his "toiles de lutte".
His first masterpiece is Une baignade à Asnières, oil on canvas 200 x 300 cm, exhibited in 1884 at the first Salon des Indépendants. The 24 year old artist revealed his indirect approach of color inspired by the theories of vision forwarded by Chevreul. The colors of Une baignade reach a softness by other methods than the impressionniste brushstroke or the pastel. The new art is named post-impressionnisme by Fénéon in 1886.
The second masterpiece, Un dimanche d'été à l'île de la Grande Jatte, of similar size, is exhibited in 1886 at the eight and final Exposition des Impressionnistes where it generates a discord between the historical impressionists supported by Degas and the post impressionists supported by Pissarro. Impressionnisme as a group was dead.
La Grande Jatte reuses the pointillism but in dull colors. Seurat had preferred composing a complex anti-bourgeois narration including humor and symbols. The work was too advanced when Seurat influenced by Signac appreciated that its cold colors were a mistake.
Galvanized by this legitimate misunderstanding of the public, Seurat started a new project in bright pointillist colors, Les Poseuses. This time the anti-bourgeois mood is replaced by subtle references to art history including himself.
The scene is staged in Seurat's studio. The left wall is covered by a truncated and slightly modified version of La Grande Jatte. The three drawings hanging on the back wall are a reference to Seurat's painstaking creative process.
Les poseuses are three positions of a model in full nudity, reminding the Three Graces. The standing figure in the center is a Venus pudica. The two side figures are seated, one from the back like Ingres's Grande baigneuse while the other in profile removes a stocking in the attitude of the Spinario.
The 200 x 250 cm canvas was exhibited in spring 1888 at the Salon des Indépendants. This painting also broke a taboo by revealing that women in painting were indeed staged by professional models.
Les Poseuses, Ensemble (petite version) was painted in 1888, arguably as a replica. Its small size, 39 x 50 cm, enabled larger dots for a vibrant color rendering. Being beside Cézanne's Montagne Sainte-Victoire a cornerstone of the Paul G. Allen collection, this oil on canvas was sold for $ 150M by Christie's on November 9, 2022, lot 8. Allen, a co-founder of Microsoft, had been appealed by pointillism as a precursor to digital imagery. The image is shared by Wikimedia.
His first masterpiece is Une baignade à Asnières, oil on canvas 200 x 300 cm, exhibited in 1884 at the first Salon des Indépendants. The 24 year old artist revealed his indirect approach of color inspired by the theories of vision forwarded by Chevreul. The colors of Une baignade reach a softness by other methods than the impressionniste brushstroke or the pastel. The new art is named post-impressionnisme by Fénéon in 1886.
The second masterpiece, Un dimanche d'été à l'île de la Grande Jatte, of similar size, is exhibited in 1886 at the eight and final Exposition des Impressionnistes where it generates a discord between the historical impressionists supported by Degas and the post impressionists supported by Pissarro. Impressionnisme as a group was dead.
La Grande Jatte reuses the pointillism but in dull colors. Seurat had preferred composing a complex anti-bourgeois narration including humor and symbols. The work was too advanced when Seurat influenced by Signac appreciated that its cold colors were a mistake.
Galvanized by this legitimate misunderstanding of the public, Seurat started a new project in bright pointillist colors, Les Poseuses. This time the anti-bourgeois mood is replaced by subtle references to art history including himself.
The scene is staged in Seurat's studio. The left wall is covered by a truncated and slightly modified version of La Grande Jatte. The three drawings hanging on the back wall are a reference to Seurat's painstaking creative process.
Les poseuses are three positions of a model in full nudity, reminding the Three Graces. The standing figure in the center is a Venus pudica. The two side figures are seated, one from the back like Ingres's Grande baigneuse while the other in profile removes a stocking in the attitude of the Spinario.
The 200 x 250 cm canvas was exhibited in spring 1888 at the Salon des Indépendants. This painting also broke a taboo by revealing that women in painting were indeed staged by professional models.
Les Poseuses, Ensemble (petite version) was painted in 1888, arguably as a replica. Its small size, 39 x 50 cm, enabled larger dots for a vibrant color rendering. Being beside Cézanne's Montagne Sainte-Victoire a cornerstone of the Paul G. Allen collection, this oil on canvas was sold for $ 150M by Christie's on November 9, 2022, lot 8. Allen, a co-founder of Microsoft, had been appealed by pointillism as a precursor to digital imagery. The image is shared by Wikimedia.
Le Chahut
1
1887-1888 Au Divan Japonais
2008 SOLD for € 5M by Sotheby's
In a café-concert scene at the Divan Japonais, the shadowy mass of the bassist in the foreground is turned to a can-can dancer who lifts up the leg. The lights of the stage complete and balance the composition.
This drawing enhanced with gouache 32 x 24 cm executed by Seurat in 1887-1888 was exhibited in March 1888 at the Salon des Indépendants. It provides the scene for the two major characters of Le Chahut, the fifth of his six masterpieces, conceived and painted in 1890, expressing the motion.
It was sold for € 5M from a lower estimate of € 750K by Sotheby's on December 3, 2008, lot 10. The image is shared by Wikimedia.
This drawing enhanced with gouache 32 x 24 cm executed by Seurat in 1887-1888 was exhibited in March 1888 at the Salon des Indépendants. It provides the scene for the two major characters of Le Chahut, the fifth of his six masterpieces, conceived and painted in 1890, expressing the motion.
It was sold for € 5M from a lower estimate of € 750K by Sotheby's on December 3, 2008, lot 10. The image is shared by Wikimedia.
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1 bis
masterpiece
1889-1890 Le Chahut
Musée Kröller-Müller
The image is shared by Wikimedia.
masterpiece
1890 Le Cirque
Musée d'Orsay
The image is shared by Wikimedia.
1890 La Voile Blanche
2021 SOLD for $ 4.6M by Christie's
Executed in 1890, one of Seurat's last drawings was sold for $ 4.6M from a lower estimate of $ 2.5M by Christie's on March 1, 2021, lot 7.
This 25 x 33 cm river scene is an excellent demonstrator of the application of Seurat's theories to complex scenery. The different shades of gray bring a subtle chiaroscuro effect amplified by the simplified silhouette of two women in the foreground. The bright focal point is a sail-shaped quadrilateral with curved side edges.
This 25 x 33 cm river scene is an excellent demonstrator of the application of Seurat's theories to complex scenery. The different shades of gray bring a subtle chiaroscuro effect amplified by the simplified silhouette of two women in the foreground. The bright focal point is a sail-shaped quadrilateral with curved side edges.
#AuctionUpdate Georges Seurat's 'La voile blanche' achieved USD 4,590,000. With its mysterious atmosphere, this work exemplifies the dramatic tenebrism that characterised #GeorgesSeurat's mature drawing style:https://t.co/HgLfWGfbLV pic.twitter.com/NVbots1MB8
— Christie's (@ChristiesInc) March 1, 2021
